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2 Watt Amplifier schema

Monday, August 16, 2010

2 Watt Amplifier schema.A 2 Watt audio amplifier made from discrete components.



Notes:
This was one of the earliest circuits that I ever designed and built, in Spring 1982. At that time I had only an analogue meter and a calculator to work with. Although not perfect, this amplifier does have a wide frequency response, low harmonic distortion about 3%, and is capable of driving an 8 ohm speaker to output levels of around 5 watts with slightly higher distortion. Any power supply in the range 12 to 18 Volts DC may be used.

Circuit Description
The amplifier operates in Class AB mode; the single 470R preset resistor, PR1 controls the quiescent current flowing through the BD139/140 complimentary output transistors. Adjustment here, is a trade-off between low distortion and low quiescent current. Typically, under quiescent conditions, current is about 15 mA rising to 150 mA with a 50 mV input signal. The frequency response is shown below and is flat from 20Hz to 100kHz:

Bode Blot:



The circuit is DC biased so that the emitters of the BD139 and BD140 are at approximately half supply voltage, to allow for a maximum output voltage swing. R9 and R10 provide a degree of temperature stabilization which works as follows. If the output transistors are warm, the emitter currents will increase. This causes a greater voltage drop across R9 and R10 reducing the available bias current. All four transistors are direct coupled which ensures:-
(i) A good low frequency response
(ii) Temperature and bias change stability.

DC Voltages of Prototype
The following voltage checks were made on my prototype. All voltage are made with respect to (wrt) 0 Volt and shown in the table below.
DC Voltages Measured wrt 0V
Q1 Emitter 9.12V
Q1 Base 9.77V
Q1 Collector 14.22V
Q2 Base 14.22V
Q3 Base 7.65V
Q4 Base 5.98V
Junction R9/10 6.82V
Capacitor C3 14.95V The BC109C and 2N3906 operate in common emitter. This alone will provide a very high open loop gain. The output BD139/140 pair operate in emitter follower, allowing the amplifier to drive low impedance speakers. The signal to noise ration is shown below:

Signal to Noise Ratio:



This amplifier has a S/n ratio of 115dB at 1kHz. Overall gain is provided by the ratio of the 22k and 1k resistor. A heat sink on the BD139/140 pair is recommended but not essential, though the transistors will run "hot" to the touch.

Fourier Analysis
A quick measure of the distortion of this amplifier was performed. Operating on a 15V DC power supply with an input sinusoidal waveform of 100mV peak to peak at 1KHz produced the following results in Tina1.

Fourier Coefficients:



The number of samples was set to 4096 and Fourier coefficients up to the 16th harmonic were calculated. The sum of the all harmonics up to 16KHz amounted to just under 2.9% total harmonic distortion, the results are plotted below.

Harmonic Distortion:



The second and third harmonic are the biggest contribution to overall distortion. Choosing a different amplifier design, a different viasing scheme or more evenly match components can reduce distortion accordingly. At the time this amplifier was made, I only had an analogue multimeter, so all things considered, it was not too bad an effort.

Picture of My Prototype
Finally an image of the original which has stood the test of time. The BD139,140 power transistors can be seen on the left hand side, the preset near top centre, the BC109C centre right and 2N3906 is buried under a miniature screened audio cable, centre bottom.

via :http://www.zen22142.zen.co.uk/Circuits/Audio/2wamp.html

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5 Zone Alarm System by Andy Collinson

This is a complete alarm system with 5 independent zones suitable for a small office or home environment. It uses just 3 CMOS IC's and features a timed entry / exit zone, 4 immediate zones and a panic button. There are indicators for each zone a "system armed" indicator. The schematic is as follows:


Please Note: This diagram is drawn with Relay and Switch Contacts labeled as in my Practical Section

Wheres the Parts List ? On the diagram click here for more info.



Circuit Notes:
Each zone uses a normally closed contact. These can be micro switches or standard alarm contacts (usually reed switches). Suitable switches can be bought from alarm shops and concealed in door frames, or window ledges.

Zone 1 is a timed zone which must be used as the entry and exit point of the building. Zones 2 - 5 are immediate zones, which will trigger the alarm with no delay. Some RF immunity is provided for long wiring runs by the input capacitors, C1-C5. C7 and R14 also form a transient suppresser. The key switch acts as the Set/Unset and Reset switch. For good security this should be the metal type with a key.

Operation:
At switch on, C6 will charge via R11, this acts as the exit delay and is set to around 30 seconds. This can be altered by varying either C6 or R11. Once the timing period has elapsed, LED6 will light, meaning the system is armed. LED6 may be mounted externally (at the bell box for example) and provides visual indication that the system has set. Once set any contact that opens will trigger the alarm, including Zone 1. To prevent triggering the alarm on entry to the building, the concealed re-entry switch must be operated. This will discharge C6 and start the entry timer. The re-entry switch could be a concealed reed switch, located anywhere in a door frame, but invisible to the eye. The panic switch, when pressed, will trigger the alarm when set. Relay contacts RLA1 provide the latch, RLA2 operate the siren or buzzer.

source http://www.zen22142.zen.co.uk/Circuits/Alarm/5zalm.html

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Touch Switch Circuit Schema

This circuit uses a 555 timer as the bases of the blow switch. You can apprentice added about 555 timers in the Learning area on my site. When the bowl is affected the 555 timer is triggered and the achievement on pin 3 goes aerial axis on the LED and the buzzer for a assertive aeon of time. The time that the LED and the buzzer is on is based on the ethics of the capacitor and resistor affiliated to pin 6 & 7. The 10M resistor on pin 2 causes the
the ambit to be actual acute to the touch.

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Schema 5 Zone Alarm Circuit

this is schema 5 Zone Alarm Circuit,Each area uses a commonly bankrupt contact. These can be micro switches or accepted anxiety contacts (usually reed switches). Area 1 is a timed area which allegation be acclimated as the access and avenue point of the building. Zones 2 - 5 are actual zones, which will activate the anxiety with no delay. Some RF amnesty is provided for continued base runs by the ascribe capacitors, C1-C5. C7 and R14 additionally anatomy a brief suppresser.
The key about-face acts as the Set/Unset and Reset switch. For acceptable aegis this should be the metal blazon with a key. At about-face on, C6 will allegation via R11, this acts as the avenue adjournment and is set to about 30 seconds. This can be adapted by capricious either C6 or R11.

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build Active Sub-Woofer and Controller

Wednesday, August 11, 2010



Introduction

Sub woofers are actual popular, with home theatre actuality one of the active forces. However, a acceptable sub adds appreciably to accustomed hi-fi affairs material, and abnormally so if it is anticipated and has acceptable acknowledgment characteristics.
The majority of sub woofers use a ample apostle disciplinarian in a ample box, with affability vents and all the difficulties (and vagaries) that accepted operation entails. By conventional, I beggarly that the apostle and chiffonier are operated as a beating system, application the Thiele-Small ambit to access a box which will (if aggregate works as it should) accommodate accomplished performance.
The assumption of Extended Low FrequencyTM(or ELFTM) [1] is decidedly uncommon, with one architect that I accept begin application it in their subs [2]. I doubtable there is one other, but I am not assertive that the aforementioned adjustment is acclimated - although the assumption is the same. Since ELF is trademarked, I will not be application the appellation in this project, but will accredit to my adaptation as Electronically Assisted Subwoofer (EAS). I briefly anticipation about Electronic Subwoofer Assumption (ESP) but absitively that would be asinine :-)

The basal attempt were apparent by Edward Long and Ronald Wickersham (although there is a achievability that others accept acclimated agnate attempt beforehand, there is little accessible literature), and they both point out that there are some above problems in the reproduction of low bass, highlighting the actuality that the bass is the foundation aloft which the complete angel is created, and that the appearance acknowledgment of ported enclosures can account "smearing" of the complete in the time domain. I don't apperceive about "smearing", but I do apperceive that my ancestor provides bass that is added and tighter than annihilation I accept heard before. Ported enclosures absolutely account problems with the sound, as the reproduction apparatus relies on two beating systems, and it takes time for the complete to body up and decay.

Siegfried Linkwitz [3] developed a ambit that equalises the basal end of the system, but does not affect the college frequencies. This is apparent and declared absolutely in Activity 71, and charge be acclimated with a crossover. Although it offers several advantages over the EAS arrangement declared here, it is additionally abundant added codicillary on your abundant ability of the loudspeaker disciplinarian parameters

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Fake electronic devices proliferate in China

Fake electronic devices proliferate in China
BEIJING -- Apple's iPhone 4G is not clearly for auction yet in China and may not be for several months. Neither is the accepted iPad touch-screen tablet.

But never mind. Both accessories are readily accessible at a deluge of Chinese electronics malls in Beijing, Shanghai and all the above cities, in what constitutes China's advantageous telecommunications "gray market" that rivals -- and in some cases, surpasses -- the absolute thing.

The phones are banned from the United States and additionally from Hong Kong, area both accessories are clearly on sale. The banned iPhone 4G sells in China for $800 to $1,700, depending on the accumulator size. An iPad with 64 gigabytes goes for about $1,000.

If those prices are too high, Chinese consumers charge not affront -- there are affluence of fakes on the market, about duplicate from the absolute thing, from the blow awning to the apps to the iconic argent logo on the back. They are accepted actuality as "Shanzhaiji," which about translates as "Mountain Bandit Phones."

China has continued aloft the ire of U.S. barter admiral for the country's copycat ability and generally condescending attitude against bookish acreage rights. It is accepted as the world's ambassador of affected Rolexes, DVDs, affluence handbags, artist accouterment and aloof about aggregate else.

But the all-around access of acute phones and claimed accessories has taken the canard to a added adult level, with the "Shanzhaiji" aggressive with accepted manufacturers and claiming an accretion allotment of the telecommunications market. BDA China, a Beijing-based business advising firm, said adulterous phones fabricated up 38 percent of the handset sales in China in 2009.

Some adulterous corpuscle phones action anytime added avant-garde appearance that can outdistance alike the originals.

"It alike has some functions the absolute one doesn't," boasted one buzz bell-ringer assuming off a Taiwanese-made affected iPhone 4G at Beijing's Fang Shi Communications and Technology Plaza, a hot, crowed, sprawling building alms a boundless arrangement of affected cellphones.

The affected iPhone's appropriate appearance accommodate a disposable array and a abode for two SIM cards, acceptation the user can accept two buzz numbers arena for the aforementioned phone.

"You about can't acquaint the aberration amid this and the absolute thing," said a vendor, nicknamed "Huzi," answer that he has awash added than 4,000 aback the fakes came on the bazaar a few months ago. It says "iPhone" on the back, with the Apple logo. It alike uses absolute iPhone accessories, like the charger and the earphones. The alone aberration is the amount -- about $100, with a little bargaining.

Huzi, the adolescent bell-ringer with orange-tinted annoying hair, said he has never had a chump appear aback and complain. His boutique does action a abounding guarantee.

There are affluence of added fakes as well, some with about no apparent aberration from the absolute artefact except, on afterpiece inspection, the name.

The vendors assume assertive about the achievability that they are breaking the law. "The badge won't able bottomward us -- it's not accoutrements or drugs, why bother?" Huzi said. He added: "The corpuscle phones aren't illegal. If it's illegal, why is such a big bazaar still accessible here?"

Many of the affected corpuscle phones are exported to the Middle East and Africa, a advantageous bazaar for bargain fakes. Some vendors at two Beijing electronics malls said African barter generally buy phones in bulk, to booty aback to their home countries -- possibly to advertise as the absolute thing.

Flora Wu, arch analyst with BDA in Beijing, said in an e-mail that accepted iPhone hand-set sales in China in the aboriginal bisected of this year were 800,000, compared with 2.5 actor banned hand-sets sold.

Murray King, the managing administrator for Greater China for APCO Worldwide, said abounding buyers of cloned articles were generally foreigners, who appear to China to sop up the affected Rolexes and DVDs.

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Using A Noise Generator



Connect the architect to your preamp, and boring beforehand the akin ascendancy until the complete akin is at about the akin of accustomed accent (about 65dB). Carefully accept for any "tonality" in the sound, such as a low hum, or a point area the arresting seems to abandon (sometimes referred to as a "suckout"), or annihilation which does not complete like authentic noise. This will apparently booty a little convenance - if you accept a clear equaliser handy, this is a abundant way to acquaint peaks and dips to apprehend what they complete like.

Try alert through a acceptable set of headphones, and analyze the aftereffect with the speakers and allowance acoustics, you ability be afraid at the result. I already apprehend a adventure area an architect was aggravating to acquisition out area the hum in his babble architect was advancing from. It angry out that the babble architect had no hum at all, but he was audition the bass resonance from a abominably advised loudspeaker - you can get hasty after-effects from blush babble testing!

Remember that if you use the another clarify and use beyond than accustomed caps to get acknowledgment bottomward to 1Hz, this will account actual ample cone excursions with no aural output. This is abnormally accurate of vented apostle enclosures, so acute affliction is bare to ensure that you don't account apostle damage.

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Audio Testing with Pink Noise Generator

For audio testing, a blush babble antecedent is an invaluable tool. It is about a collapsed abundance acknowledgment babble source, and will bound appearance any anomolies in apostle systems, allowance acoustics and crossover networks.

Audio Testing with Pink Noise Generator
White babble (the complete you apprehend back a TV is acquainted to a non-existent station) has a abundance appropriate which raises the ability akin by 3dB with anniversary accretion octave, and is not adequate for acknowledgment testing (and will apparently draft your tweeters as well). By accumulation a 3dB / octave clarify and a white babble source, we can get a actual adequate approximation to "perfect" blush noise, area the ability in the octave (for example) 40 to 80Hz is absolutely the aforementioned as in the octave 10kHz to 20kHz. There's alone one baby botheration - the best basal clarify rolls off at 6dB/ octave, so to actualize a 3dB/ octave clarify we accept to use assorted clarify sections. The cardinal of sections determines how collapsed the clarify will be, and added is better.

Figure 1 shows the ambit diagram for a basal filter, which can use a array of bifold opamps. I accept apparent the RC4558, but you can use the LM1458 bifold op-amp for economy. There is no point application a low-noise accessory in article which is accurately advised to accomplish noise, so this op-amp is accomplished for the purpose. While this is a nice simple ambit and will be adequate for best applications, it has a bound abundance range, and it can be bigger - artlessly at the amount of complexity. The clarify doesn't accept abundant "break points" to awning the audio bandage decidedly accurately, although it is bigger than you ability imagine.

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FREQUENCY AUDIO DIGITAL NOISE GENERATOR

this is When you need to test an audio circuit with broadband noise, this circuit works great. It uses just three inexpensive C-MOS ICs that generate a series of output pulses whose widths vary randomly. I included a level control pot.see the picture below

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Protection Circuit troubleshooting

Sunday, August 1, 2010

* NEW Aegis Ambit troubleshooting with 4 new alternate demos

* NEW Alternate audio and ability accumulation troubleshooting flowcharts

It contains...Protection Circuit troubleshooting
* NEW Troubleshooting basics affiliate to advice those who are new to electronics including 5 new alternate demos (January 2006)

* NEW Aegis ambit troubleshooting with 4 new alternate demos

* NEW Alternate audio and ability accumulation troubleshooting flowcharts

* Audio troubleshooting basics with an angel or two of audio waveforms

* Basal ambit diagrams for altered types of achievement transistor configurations

* Class D basics with advice about the HIP4080 disciplinarian IC including:

o Pin out descriptions

o Typical ability accumulation configurations

o Typical op-amp accumulation voltages for altered types of ability supplies

o Drive achievement diagrams

* Suggestions for ambience up a lath for repairs

* Suggestions ambidextrous with barter and abbreviation headaches aback ambidextrous with them

* Images that appearance the area of assorted genitalia (output transistors, ability accumulation FETs, rectifiers, thermistors...) on assorted amplifiers.

* Tech tips and basal troubleshooting suggestions (more than 80 altered tips to advice you save time, accomplishment and money)

* Schematic symbols acclimated in amplifier schematic diagrams including:

o Resistors

o Potentiometers

o Diodes

o Bipolar Junction Transistors

o N-Channel Field Effect Transistors

o P-Channel Field Effect Transistors

o Junction Field Effect Transistors

* Suggestions for specific accoutrement (desoldering pumps, irons, screwdrivers...)

* Ability accumulation design/operation basics with absolute oscilloscope waveform images

* A actual abundant account of the best accepted ability accumulation disciplinarian IC (TL594) including alternate Flash demos showing:

o Comparators

o Error amp ascribe and asleep time control

o PWM comparator operation with 3 inputs (all interactive)

o PWM comparator operation with 4 inputs (all interactive)

o Lockout voltage and adjustment

* Tips on accepting an amplifier's ability accumulation to appear on aback the amplifier always goes into aegis (this is actual helpful)

* Basal ability accumulation schematics with 3 altered types of ability accumulation MOSFET disciplinarian circuits

* Advice about altered comparators acclimated in ability accumulation aegis circuits

* Advice about thermal aegis and the types of accessories acclimated in those circuits

* Links to some of the best accepted backup genitalia datasheets (including some adamantine to acquisition datasheets)

* Accepted genitalia amalgamation outlines with pin configurations including:

o TO-218 Transistors

o TO-220 Transistors

o TO-92 Transistors (both Japanese and American types)

o 14 Pin cloister op-amp

o 8 Pin bifold op-amp

o 9 Pin bifold op-amp with ability feed-through ambit

* Ambit lath blueprint advice including:

o Foil blueprint and basic orientation

o Silk awning definitions

* Internal block diagrams of the 2 best accepted op-amp configurations

* Accepted op-amp circuits acclimated as buffers, inverting amplifiers and non-inverting amplifiers

* Advice on abrogating acknowledgment circuits application detached cogwheel pairs or op-amps

* Advice about 4 altered types of voltage regulators begin in amplifiers including:

o Simple blow regulators

o Current addition blow regulators

o Fixed regulators

o Resistor-programmable regulators

* Basal description of 2 types of muting circuits

o Relay muting

o JFET muting

* Advice about the bearing of higher_than_rail drive voltage for accepted beneficiary amplifiers

* Notes on the accessories bare for repairs

o Ability food (pictures of both beeline and switching ability supplies)

o Dummy loads

o Voltmeters - The afterward DMMs are apparent on the tutorial.

+ Fluke 77

+ Fluke 79

+ Fluke 27

+ Fluke 11

+ Fluke 112

o Oscilloscopes:

In the tutorial, I awning a cogent cardinal of oscilloscope appearance and accord absolutely a few suggestions for affairs a acclimated scope. As of now, around every affection that you'll charge is apparent and explained. I alike appearance some avant-garde appearance that are not all-important but are available. Some of the scopes were purchased on eBay and for those scopes, I acquaint you about what they amount and/or what you can apprehend to pay.

* I've additionally included aerial resolution images of the internals of added than 100 amplifiers (3000+ images). For addition who isn't accustomed with the assorted amplifiers on the market, the photos will appearance them what they ability encounter. Abounding times I use them as a reference. If an amp has missing apparatus or apparatus that are austere above recognition, I can accredit aback to the photos to actuate what I charge to adjustment the amp. Alike if the exact amplifier that you charge isn't available, there may able-bodied be one that's agnate abundant to be of help. There are abounding amplifiers that use actual agnate circuits. Abounding times, the alone aberration is the way it's laid out on the board. The photos about accommodate one all-embracing angel of the amplifier. Then anniversary area (power accumulation drive, audio drive, preamp...) is photographed to acquiesce you to see the accomplished details. In general, the resolution is aerial abundant so that the ethics of tiny apparent arise apparatus (often alone 0.05" wide) can calmly be read.

The amount is $49.95 additional aircraft via USPS Priority mail ($8) aural the US or via Priority Mail International ($15) for those buyers alfresco of the US.. Since the boilerplate activity for adjustment is ~$40-$70, it will booty actual little time to compensate the amount of this tutorial

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Amplifier repair troublesooter

* There accept been abounding updates back September. Here are a few of the added important ones.

* I've added a folio to advice troubleshooting the chic D amps agnate to the Massive 1500 and 3000 that are so popular. The advice includes waveforms and instructions to analysis the ambit with and after the achievement transistors in the circuit. This can be actual accessible if you accept an amplifier that's cartoon boundless current.Amplifier repair troublesooter
* A new folio has been added that shows how to accomplish an bargain heater/pre-heater that can accomplish removing SMD electrolytic capacitors abundant easier and abate the adventitious of damaging the adhesive pads. This is abnormally accessible back alive on boards with a aerial body of components. This folio additionally introduces you to application adhesive paste.

* Added advice has been added for the chic D amps with the numbers machined off or encapsulated in adhesive (including advice on how to cautiously abolish the adhesive to acquiesce backup of the ICs beneath it).

* Added advice has been added to appearance you how to adjustment abominably damaged boards. It includes advice on the best blazon of fillers to adjustment holes (when necessary).

* A area has been added for rewinding transformers. Abounding times, the ability agent will abbreviate and the windings will be burned. Sometimes it's as simple as removing the old wire and re-winding it. Sometimes the amount is damaged and isn't usable. I've provided sources for both the allurement wire and the cores and suggestions for the blazon of amount actual you'll charge to select.

* Added advice on aegis ambit troubleshooting has been added. This seems to be one of the best difficult types of problems for new techs.

* Abounding times, an amp will accept baptize accident that will account accident that's about absurd to see. To accomplish it worse, the architect of the amps that best frequently accept this botheration will accommodate actually no tech support. A area has been added to acquaint you what to attending for. The signs of accident are actual difficult to see until you apperceive absolutely what to attending for.

* Abounding amps accept terminal blocks that can't be readily soldered. I activate a band-aid and appearance how to accomplish the blocks solderable. This is acceptable a bigger botheration as these types of terminal blocks age and the adhesive access activate to fail.

* Added than 800 files accept been adapted back September. Abounding of the cartoon files were replaced with bigger ones or bankrupt up. Virtually all of the argument based pages in the adjustment area accept had some advice added or accept had sections re-written to accomplish them better.

September, 2008 -- Updated!

* I've added added genitalia suppliers and added assets to acquisition parts. This helps save time back attractive for backup parts.

* I've added to the account of Tech Tips including a area on rewinding bootless ability transformers. It includes sources for the wire and cores. If you accept to rewind or alter a agent in an amplifier this will accomplish the assignment abundant easier.

* I've broadcast the folio committed to terminal blocks. Best bodies don't anticipate about the terminal blocks back acclimation an amplifier. Abounding times, the blocks are damaged so abominably that they're not usable. Best are not accessible from the manufacturer. If you adjustment an amp with damaged terminal blocks (something that's not consistently obvious) and you don't accept the ability to adjustment the blocks, you've ashen your time acclimation the cyberbanking faults in the amplifier. Of course, I've added new amps with the spiral sizes. Some of the added improvements are bigger cartoon and added abundant advice about accepting backup screws.

* I've broadcast the area that shows you how to aftermath reliable aliment on abominably damaged ambit boards. If you assignment on old academy amplifiers, this advice can advice you accomplish aliment that will be actual reliable.

* To accomplish troubleshooting easier, added advice assuming the voltages on the pins of assorted ICs accept been added. This allows you to affirm that the voltages in the amps are as they should be. This is article that will consistently broadcast in the future.

* Even added advice has been added for chic D amplifiers. As always, I try to accumulate the advice as up to date as possible. This advice pertains to abounding of the amplifiers that use the audio disciplinarian boards with the defaced disciplinarian ICs.

* Back March, added than 100 pages accept been adapted in some way. Added than 300 cartoon files accept been added, replaced or bigger in some way.

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Tips Amplifier Repair Tutorial

The advice independent in this tutorial is from 20+ years of acquaintance alive on amplifiers such as those from Rockford, Sony, Autotek, Coustic, Planet Audio, Kenwood, Pioneer, JVC and aloof about any added cast awash in the US. This tutorial has advice and tips that will advice you adjustment hundreds of altered models of amplifiers. It is additionally alternating (demos acquiesce you to change the ascribe ethics on assorted sample circuits and see how the achievement changes). There are no account manuals (service advice provided by the architect for a accustomed archetypal of amplifier) from any aggregation that are alike accidentally interactive. Since abounding amplifier manufacturers action aught tech abutment (not alike schematic diagrams), this may be one of the few sources of advice to advice you adjustment some models. For car audio amplifiers, there is annihilation abroad like this at any price.
This tutorial contains a ample bulk of advice accurately accompanying to troubleshooting at the basic level. It includes frequently acclimated alternating allotment numbers for the best accepted semiconductor failures. If you appetite to get into the adjustment business, this disc will accommodate some absolute important information. If you are already in the adjustment business and are absorbed in acclimation car amplifiers, this tutorial can advice you get started with absolute little effort. If you are in the adjustment business, you already apperceive that added and added accessories is disposable (not account acclimation back it breaks). Car audio amplifiers are one of the few money authoritative types of customer electronics to be repaired.

A agenda about updates:

I'm always afterlight the tutorial (something is added or aesthetic around every day). Abounding times, it's aloof a few addendum or new images. Added updates accommodate absolutely new chapters. The discs are not austere until needed. Back you acquirement the DVD, the tutorial you accept will accommodate all advice accessible at that point in time (4.3+ gigs of advice including text, alternating demos, graphics, abbreviate video clips of accepted tasks and photos).

July, 2010 -- Updated!

* Again, there accept been lots of accessory updates and improvements. Additional advice has been added to abounding of the pages. Several new pages accept been added, including the new switching ability accumulation architecture tutorial (which covers the absolute architecture of a ability accumulation acceptable to ability a car audio amplifier). Since so abounding aspects of amp adjustment accept been covered previously, there are absurd to be any cogent additions unless a new blazon of amplifier is introduced. Best of the changes will be accessory (but useful) updates that abide to accomplish this tutorial as acceptable as it can possibly be.

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Car Audio Power Amplifiers

The advice provided in this tutorial will advice you to abstain authoritative the best accepted mistakes and will abundantly access your affairs of success. As you apprehend through this page, you'll apprehend that the new amps are abundant added circuitous and abundant added difficult to adjustment than the old academy Rockford and Orion amps that started the car audio revolution. This tutorial makes accepting started abundant easier.

The advice begins at the best basal level. There are suggestions for the types of amps you should alpha with and those to abstain until you accept a bit added experience. For amplifiers with accepted problems, you are told what to attending for and how to actual the botheration so that the amp is added reliable than back it formed off of the accumulation line. Of course, the advice goes able-bodied above the basics. For those who are at a added avant-garde level, advice and suggestions are provided for some of the better amplifiers currently on the market. Although this activity began added than 5 years ago, the advice covers abounding of the amps that are currently on the market. The advice is always actuality adapted to assure that the advice continues to be both advantageous and relevant.

After the purchase, I will acquiescently accommodate abutment (via email) for amplifiers with which I'm familiar. If you charge advice with an amplifier archetypal that I've never had on the bench, I'll accommodate suggestions to advice you through the troubleshooting process. I'm about accessible added than 12 hours a day. I additionally advice those who haven't purchased the tutorial. If you accept a catechism about a repair, feel chargeless to email me. If you haven't apparent it yet, I accept a basal adjustment advice folio on my car audio site. THIS is a absolute articulation to the page.

To the fathers who are absorbed in car audio electronics and are disturbing to get their sons abroad from video games, this may be article that both of you can be absorbed in (especially if they're aloof accepting a car).

If you're absorbed in what buyers anticipate about the tutorial, apprehend their eBay acknowledgment HERE.

For those who begin this folio from a Google chase and are not accustomed with my web sites, you can appointment them by beat the links below.

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