Electronica Media

Step By Step Making Crossover Cable

2011-09-18T15:36:00.000-07:00

How to make Step By Step Making Crossover Cable,
What you need to make Crossover Cable

Cable - Be sure the cable(s) you are using is properly rated for CAT 5. It should state clearly on the jacket of the cable, what it is rated at. One option that you have when selecting your cable is to use a pre-made normal 'straight through' cable, and simply whack off one of the ends, and replace with a new "Crossed Over" end. For the purpose of this article, though, we aren't going to go that route. We are going to make the whole thing from scratch - using bulk CAT 5 cable.

ns 3 & 6 from the first end are connected to pins 1 & 2 on the other end. Pins 4 & 5 and 7 & 8 don't change.

Connectors - Crossover cables are terminated with CAT 5 RJ-45 (RJ stands for "Registered Jack") modular plugs. RJ-45 plugs are similar to those you'll see on the end of your telephone cable except they have eight versus four contacts on the end of the plug. Also, make sure the ends you select are rated for CAT 5 wiring. There are also different types of jacks which are used for different types of cabling (such as Solid Core wire). Make sure you buy the correct jacks for your cabling.

Crimper - You will need a modular crimping tool. My advice on what brand to get? Well, I really don't have a preference at this point, but make sure you buy a good one. If you spend about 40 to 50 bucks, you should have one that will last ya a lifetime. Spend 10 to 20 bucks, and you might be able to make a few cables with it if you're lucky. You definitely get what you pay for when it comes to crimpers!

The pinouts looking from the bottom of the cat 5 ends (White/Orange starts on the left) are as follows:

Standard End Crossover End

Pin 1 White/Orange Pin 1 White/Green

Pin 2 Orange Pin 2 Green

Pin 3 White/Green Pin 3 White/Orange

Pin 4 Blue Pin 4 Blue

Pin 5 White/Blue Pin 5 White/Blue

Pin 6 Green Pin 6 Orange

Pin 7 White/Brown Pin 7 White/Brown

Pin 8 Brown Pin 8 Brown

Stripper - No I'm not talking about what Spot had at his bachelor party, I am talking about a tool to strip the ends off the wires you pervert! There are several specialized tools, which can be used to strip the jackets off of cabling. If you do not have access to one of these tools, cautious use of a razor blade or knife should work just fine - but keep in mind if you go the razor blade / knife route, extra special care must be used as to not damage the wires inside the jacket.

Cutters - You need a pair of cutters that will allow you to cut a group of cables in a straight line. It is very important that all the wires are the same lengths, and without proper cutters, this can be a difficult task.

Ethernet Crossover Cable

2011-06-13T04:19:00.000-07:00

An Ethernet crossover cable is a kind of Ethernet cable utilised to connect computing products collectively directly wherever they would normally be connected through a network switch, hub or router, such as straight connecting two personal computers by means of their network interface controllers.

Owing for the inclusion of automated MDI/MDI-X configuration ability in many modern Ethernet machines, use of crossover cables is typically only necessary in older network installations.

The 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX Ethernet standards use a single wire pair for transmission in every single route. The Tx+ line from every device connects to your suggestion conductor, as well as the Tx- line is connected for the ring. This demands that the transmit pair of each gadget be linked towards the obtain pair of your gadget around the other finish. Whenever a terminal gadget is connected to a switch or hub, this crossover is done internally inside the change or hub. A normal straight via cable is utilized for this function in which each and every pin of the connector on a single end is linked towards the corresponding pin on the other connector.

1 terminal unit could be linked immediately to yet another with out the usage of a change or hub, but in that scenario the crossover has to be completed externally from the cable or modular crossover adapter. Given that 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX use pairs two and three, these two pairs should be swapped inside the cable. This is a crossover cable. A crossover cable must also be utilized to link two internally crossed units (e.g., two hubs) since the internal crossovers cancel each other out.

Since the only distinction among the T568A and T568B pin/pair assignments are that pairs 2 and three are swapped, a crossover cable might be envisioned like a cable with 1 modular connector following T568A along with the other T568B (see Jack crossover wiring). This sort of a cable will operate for 10BASE-T or 100BASE-TX. Gigabit Ethernet (and an early Rapidly Ethernet variant, 100BASE-T4) use all 4 pairs as well as needs another two pairs (one and 4) to get swapped.

Ethernet Cable Pinout

2011-06-13T01:09:00.000-07:00

Ethernet Cable Pinout .CAT-5 Ethernet Cable Standards & Pin-out Assignments
Industry Standard CAT-5 Pin-out Assignment
Trango Power-over-Ethernet (PoE) Pin-out Assignment
Trango Cable: CBLDAT-1 Pin-out Assignment
How to Wire Your Own Cables
Industry Standard CAT-5 Pin-out
The images below depict the cable pin-outs for straight-through and cross-over Cat-5 Ethernet cables that conform to EIA/TIA industry standard for 568 A and B. IF the first and second pin are orange, the cable is 568B. If the first and second pins are green, the cable is 568A. If one end of the cable is A and the other end is B then you now have a cross-over.

CAT-5 Straight-through Cable Pin Assignments

CAT-5 Cross-over Cable Pin Assignments

Symptoms associated with incorrect wiring include:

No connectivity
Radio not negotiating correctly
Needing to be set to 10 Half Duplex (HDX) or 10 Full Duplex (FDX)
Connectivity to the radio only at a very short distance

source:http://www.trangobroadband.com/infobase/cat5-ethernet-cable-pin-out.aspx

Gigabit LANs at a Glance

2011-06-13T00:57:00.000-07:00

Gigabit LAN Expectations, It requires Two to Tangle,Do 1-Gbit/s variations of 100Base-T and 100VG suggest double difficulty for net professionals?Chalk it approximately dèjà vu all over once again. In 1993, once the IEEE could not make the get in touch with on the single 100-Mbit/s LAN transport, it "decided" on two: 100Base-T and 100VG-AnyLAN. Now the expectations physique seems to think that taking part in doubles can be a wise bet: It's preparing to outline 1-Gbit/s variations of equally high-speed LAN specs.Gigabit LANs at a Glance

At first glance, two new gigabit expectations look like a good deal. The two standards have the horsepower necessary to turbo-charge overtired LANs. Both run over copper and fiber (obviously sufficient, given that they're equally according to parts of the ANSI Fibre Channel spec). Equally ensure it is feasible to build so-called scalable Ethernets. And each are comparatively inexpensive. Vendors are previously hinting at costs of $1,500 per node, although merchandise aren't slated to ship till up coming yr.

Too undesirable everything could add as much as double trouble for net professionals. Two specifications are bound to result in compatibility inquiries. What's more, neither spec guarantees delivery of time-sensitive voice or video. And for every one of the massive discuss large bandwidth, it might not be probable to operate either common above copper devoid of severely cutting speed or restricting the distance between nodes.

Provided these shortcomings, "it's unlikely that gigabit Ethernet will ever before become a dominant desktop technological innovation," says Paul Sherer, vice president of technologies growth at 3Com Corp. (Santa Clara, Calif.). Even so, it could make its mark around the backbone--as a excess fat fire hose for async info.

But does the globe truly require two 1-Gbit/s Ethernet standards? (Did it actually need to have two 100-Mbit/s LAN specs?) At this point, 100Base-T and 100VG vendors have too much invested in their technologies to allow an option such as this slip by.

They far better move quickly. ATM is an obvious--and formidable--rival for your backbone. Rates for ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) hardware are coming down even as we speak, and gigabit ATM gear is for the way. So even though the IEEE manages to push via both very-high-speed specs in document time, ATM could nonetheless depart them within the dust.

DIVIDE AND STANDARDIZE

The 802.twelve doing work group has already obtained an IEEE Project Authorization Request (PAR) to outline a gigabit edition of 100VG. Not shockingly, the push is headed up by Hewlett-Packard Co. (HP, Palo Alto, Calif.), the driving force behind the initial AnyLAN. Joining HP are Compaq Computer Corp. (Houston), Texas Instruments Inc. (Dallas), along with the Semiconductor Division of Motorola Inc. (Austin, Texas). The spec really should acquire "full and final approval" through the summer of 1997, according to Patricia Thaler, chair from the 802.twelve working group and principal engineer for LAN architecture and specifications with Hewlett-Packard Co. Roseville Networks Division (Roseville, Calif.).

Like its 100-Mbit/s predecessor, the gigabit version of 100VG will take care of the two Ethernet and token ring frames. Furthermore, it will boast a number of new characteristics, which includes burst mode and redundant back links in between repeaters. The plan now is to outline transmissions of 500 Mbit/s and one Gbit/s, with 4 Gbit/s probably coming later on. The group also is working on a full-duplex model from the spec.

The 802.3 operating group continues to be waiting to acquire its PAR for that gigabit edition of 100Base-T. A task force that includes Bay Networks Inc. (Santa Clara, Calif.), Cisco Systems Inc. (San Jose, Calif.), Packet Engines Inc. (Union Town, Calif.), and 3Com Corp. (Santa Clara, Calif.) is doing work on the proposal that can be introduced in the plenary meeting with the 802 LAN/MAN Requirements Committee this month.

"Assuming we get with the politics of the plenary meeting, we could have a very normal out as early as 1998," states Brian MacLeod, director of enterprise growth for Packet Engines.

The gigabit 100Base-T group is seeking to help keep items straightforward. It will retain the minimal and highest frame dimensions defined from the 802.three spec and accommodate full-duplex communications for point-to-point switched connections. Additionally, it may integrate new developments like flow management as they are extra to 100Base-T.

Reveal Tactics

The two specs will retain the MAC protocols employed by their 100-Mbit/s forerunners. As a result, gigabit 100Base-T will use CSMA/CD (carrier-sense numerous access with collision detection), even though gigabit 100VG will go with all the more not long ago created demand-priority mechanism.

CSMA/CD and need priority are equally shared-media schemes, which means sending stations contend for bandwidth. CSMA/CD makes use of a back-off algorithm to stop greater than one device from sending info at a time. Need priority relies on a round-robin polling sequence to provide each and every network node the chance to transmit.

Shared-media schemes are afflicted by a simple shortcoming: As the range of nodes around the network rises, the bandwidth accessible to every drops. To create sure that the new gigabit networks will not wind up struggling from bandwidth starvation, vendors say they'll supply switched variations of their technologies.

RECYCLED FIBRE

For every one of the apparent variations between the two gigabit specs, there's one particular underlying similarity: The two depend upon Fibre Channel's physical (PHY) layer as their transmission engineering. For gigabit 100Base-T, that indicates mapping the 802.three MAC layer to your PHY, so Ethernet packets could be carried via Fibre Channel encoding. For gigabit 100VG, each the 802.3 as well as the 802.five (token ring) MAC layers must be mapped.

"The Fibre Channel PHY is actually a good bit of engineering," remarks Thaler. "Why reinvent it?" Recycling Fibre Channel with this way decreases time for you to market. What is far more, it really should assist bring down costs. Gigabit gear will use Fibre Channel transceivers; as silicon shipments climb, chip rates need to plummet. It is still extremely early inside the game, but gigabit about copper could cost between $1,500 and $2,000 per switched connection (which contains the cost from the adapter along with the switch port). Fiber is anticipated to expense $3,000 to $4,000.

Fibre Channel aficionados view the gigabit vendors' recycling plans being a tacit acknowledgment from the merits of their technologies. In addition they argue that if a bit of Fibre Channel is excellent, all of it will be even better. Scot Ruple, director of item marketing and advertising for Emulex Corp. (Costa Mesa, Calif.), expects to view Fibre Channel take off for storage and backbone programs: "Gigabit Ethernet is our likelihood to slip through the back door and onto the LAN." Thaler disagrees, saying Fibre Channel's MAC layer would add an excessive amount of overhead to LAN applications.

THE CABLING CATCH

Fiber Channel's PHY layer defines transmissions over fiber and copper. Fiber is more high-priced, nonetheless it shouldn't have any trouble managing gigabit data. Multimode fiber really should be able to carry gigabit transmissions to 500 meters; with single-mode fiber, that distance really should attain 2 kilometers.

But net professionals who expect to see individuals kinds of speeds and distances above copper are likely to be disappointed. It can be a question of physics. Electromagnetic radiation raises in proportion to the pace at which data is carried and the duration of your cable. To be able to stay inside of the EMI limits set from the FCC for UTP (unshielded twisted pair), net professionals need to minimize info prices or shorten cabling runs (or each).

That contributes to two immediate concerns: How slow? How brief?

Proponents of gigabit 100Base-T say they could hit 1 Gbit/s above UTP by locating the change in 50 meters with the end-station. And which is an optimistic estimate. Some vendors consider items could get even tighter. Keep in mind, gigabit 100Base-T is actually a CSMA/CD scheme. Because the pace of the CSMA/CD network increases, so does the probability of collisions. In impact, because of this the duration of the cabling runs are inversely proportional to the bit fee. That is why some gigabit 100Base-T backers are saying hyperlink distances will likely be held to 25 meters on Group five UTP.

Even with these decreased runs, obtaining one Gbit/s above UTP will probably be a excellent trick. The Fibre Channel spec is silent with regards to unshielded cabling. It does, even so, phone for a leading pace of 100 Mbit/s more than shielded twisted pair.

Packet Engine's MacLeod has an reply: "Technology has moved forward since the Fibre Channel specs ended up ratified." He's hopeful that new connectors and transceivers will make it probable to push Ethernet frames at increased speeds above extended distances on Class 5.

Where does all this depart gigabit 100VG? Its backers say they could hit 500 Mbit/s over 100-meter UTP runs. But to do so, they're developing a whole new physical layer and transmission scheme expressly for four-pair UTP. They'll utilize the Fibre Channel PHY strictly for fiber. HP recently submitted a whole new physical layer to your 802.12 operating group.

BACKBONE BONUS

Concerns about copper are among the reasons that vendors are speaking up gigabit 100Base-T and 100VG as high-speed fiber back links for point-to-point applications. About the backbone, the gigabit standards are now being pitched being an choice to FDDI or ATM. "As quick Ethernet picks up momentum above the subsequent handful of a long time, we're planning to require greater pipes to servers and for interswitch connections," states Peter Tarrant, vice president of merchandise management at Bay Networks.

What is far more, given that equally gigabit specs field conventional Ethernet frames, they give net professionals a means to develop "scalable" networks. These configurations operate at various speeds in different spots but utilize the very same frame format finish to finish. For example, an organization could run 10-Mbit/s Ethernet for the desktop, 100-Mbit/s 100Base-T amongst departments, and gigabit 100Base-T on the backbone--all with out getting to setup pricey, performance-impairing machines that converts among 1 format and another. This one-frame-fits-all strategy is not feasible with FDDI or Fibre Channel.

THE ATM ARGUMENT

Backers from the new gigabit LANs also argue that their requirements are out in advance of ATM in terms of cost and efficiency. They level out that a 1-Gbit/s fiber connection charges $3,000 to $4,000 per change port (including adapter). A 622-Mbit/s ATM connection, in contrast, right now expenses $15,000 per port (not counting the adapter).

But that is a very good situation with the figures not telling the entire story. Just one LAN vendor delivers 622-Mbit/s ATM. Costs are sure to drop as competitors works its market magic.

"By time gigabit Ethernet arrives many of the ATM issues will probably be resolved," says Esmeralda Silva, LAN analyst with International Info Corp. (Framingham, Mass.). "ATM prices are already down. I see them dropping all the more about the subsequent few quarters, with bigger financial savings in 1997."

And ATM has a quite robust argument in its favor--advanced multimedia abilities. Gigabit 100Base-T does practically nothing to assure the delivery of time-sensitive site visitors. Gigabit 100VG lets net managers assign two priority amounts to targeted traffic. But when the network will get busy there is nevertheless a good opportunity that voice and video would not arrive promptly.

About Switched Ethernet

2011-06-13T00:53:00.000-07:00

Switched Ethernet relies on centralized multiport Switches to supply physical website link among multiple LAN segments. Inside each and every intelligent S" high-speed circuitry supports wire-speed virtual connections among every one of the segments, for greatest bandwidth allocation on need

. Incorporating new segments to a switch raises the aggregate network speed while decreasing overall congestion, so Switched Ethernet gives superior configuration flexibility. In addition, it provides you with a superb migration path from 10- to 1 00-Mbps Ethernet, since both segments can usually run by means of exactly the same Switch.

Ethernet Topologies

2011-06-13T00:48:00.000-07:00

In a very star Ethernet Topologies, all connected workstations are wired immediately to a central hub, which establishes, maintains, and breaks connections between them (from the celebration of an error). The advantage of the star topology is that it truly is simple to isolate a problem node. The drawback is that in the event the hub fails, the complete system is compromised.

Twisted-Pair Ethernet Topologies(10BASE-T), determined by unshielded twisted pair, and Fiberoptic Ethernet (FOIRL and 10BASE-FL), based on fiberoptic cable, utilize the star.

Fast, reliable throughput speed of 10&100Mbps.
Accurate transmission-CSMA/CD access method.
More LAN components match Ethernet standards than any other.
Maximum flexibility-two topologies (bus or star) and five kinds of cable (Standard
or Thin coax; unshielded twisted pair; FOIRL or 10BASE-FL fiberoptic).

Ethernet Topologies Gigabit LAN Standards

2011-06-13T00:46:00.000-07:00

Ethernet may be the most widely utilised network topology. It is possible to pick between bus and star topologies, and coaxial, twisted-pair, or fiber optic cabling. But together with the proper connective gear, numerous Ethernet-based LANs (nearby place networks) might be connected together regardless of which topology and/or cabling system they use. Actually, using the correct equipment and application, even Token Ring, Apple Speak, and wireless LANs might be linked to Ethernet Standards.Ethernet Topologies Gigabit LAN Standards

The entry method Ethernet utilizes is CSMA/CD (Carrier Feeling Numerous Access with Collision Detection). During this method, several workstation entry a transmission medium (Many Access) by listening till no signals are detected (Carrier Feeling). Then they transmit and verify to see if in excess of one signal is present (Collision Detection). Each and every station attempts to transmit when it "believes" the network is no cost. If there exists a collision, each and every station attempts to retransmit following a preset delay, that is diverse for every workstation.

Collision detection is definitely an vital a part of the CSMA/CD entry strategy. Every single transmitting workstation requirements in order to detect that simultaneous (and for that reason data-corrupting) transmission has taken location. If a collision is detected, a "jam" signal is propagated to all nodes. Every station that detects the Collision will wait some time frame after which consider yet again.

The two Feasible topologies for Ethernet are bus and star. The bus may be the simplest (and the standard) topology. Normal Ethernet (10BASE5) and Thin Ethernet (1OBASE2), equally based on coaxial cable systems, utilize the bus.

Within this one-cable LAN, all workstations are connected in succession (a "bus" arrangement) on the single cable. All transmissions visit all of the connected workstations. Every single workstation then selects individuals transmissions it ought to obtain, according to the address info contained in the transmission.

Inside a star topology, all connected workstations are wired immediately to a central hub, which establishes, maintains, and breaks connections among them (inside the celebration of an error). The advantage of the star topology is it is easy to isolate a problem node. The disadvantage is the fact that in the event the hub fails, the complete method is compromised.

Twisted-Pair Ethernet (10BASE-T), determined by unshielded twisted pair, and Fiberoptic Ethernet (FOIRL and 10BASE-FL), based on fiberoptic cable, utilize the star.

Ethernet Cable Wiring

2011-06-07T22:49:00.000-07:00

Have you ever known about Ethernet Cable Wiring actually? he primary Ethernet cable wiring normal may be the Cat-5, or Class five, regular. The original Ethernet cable, acquainted to any person who has invested any period of time fiddling close to with computernetworks, is really a cable that ends inside a dock that seems to be somewhat fatter than an ordinary phone jack, and quickly inserts into network adapters on other machines. Ethernet cable wiring is actually a ubiquitous marketplace regular, and is made of 4 pairs of wires of diverse shades twisted about their twin cables and insulated from each other.

Ethernet cable wiring is twisted internally, and the twisted pairs insulated, simply because this kind of internal configuration prevents interference and signal leakage between the different strands. Each and every wire in a very cable is one of four distinct colours: orange, brown, blue, and green, each twinned having a mate that's a stripy model of that cable. The different wires are insulated from each other as a way, as pointed out above, to prevent signal leakage, which is why when cutting out and measuring your own cable wiring it really is essential to ensure that only the very last half-inch of each cable is cut. This prevents the various strands mixing and leading to interference.

~~Ethernet cable wiring~~ is simple to accomplish provided you know what you are doing. Because Cat-5 wiring was released to be able to enhance speed and functionality above computer networks, the usage of this cable is advised for any person who wants to entry and utilize the Web with all its content. A regular Cat-3 standard, these kinds of being a dial-up connection, is not going to carry any a lot more than ten MB of information per second. By contrast, Ethernet cable wiring can carry approximately ten occasions more data per second. As a result this regular is essential for any person wishing to make use of such solutions as Internet and video telephony, or to observe and accessibility audio and video clip streams. The Cat-5 regular was the main standard, but even it's been steadily phased out by a newly created regular that costs exactly the same. This is actually the Cat-5e common, which carries the identical info being a Cat-5 cable but is helpful to organization networks due to small technical changes that allow it to be a greater carrier of information. Look at the video provided on Ethernet cable wiring and how to wire a cable.

Ethernet cable wiring is available in a amount of shades, which are immaterial to what the cable itself can do. The internal wiring from the cable is what's essential. As talked about above every cable comes with four twinned pairs of wiring wrapped in insulation sheaths as normal, and ought to be lower only on the previous 50 percent inch to be able to preserve this insulation. It is because every of the 4 strands within Ethernet cable wiring carries a different signal, and the mixing of those signals leads to the data within the cable to come out at your finish somewhat garbled. This may not seem to be like a lot, but bear in mind that it could result in irritating lags in connection, and sometimes to no connection at all. Consequently when choosing on Ethernet cable wiring, make sure that you workout care in cutting and shaping it in your needs.

Metro Ethernet Definition

2011-06-07T22:07:00.000-07:00

Metro Ethernet Definition could be the use of Carrier Ethernet engineering in metropolitan location networks (MANs). Since it is typically a collective endeavor with several financial contributors, Metro Ethernet offers cost-effectiveness, reliability, scalability and bandwidth management superior to most proprietary networks.

Metro Ethernet Definition can connect enterprise local location networks (LAN

Metro Ethernet Map

Metro Ethernet Comparison

Carrier Ethernet

s) and specific end customers to a extensive place network (WAN) or towards the World wide web. Businesses, academic institutions and government companies in huge cities can use Metro Ethernet to connect branch campuses or offices to an intranet. A normal Metro Ethernet system includes a star network or mesh network topology with individual routers or servers interconnected by means of cable or fiber optic media.

"Pure" Ethernet technologies while in the Man setting is reasonably inexpensive in comparison with Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) or Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) methods of related bandwidth. However, the latter technologies could be applied to Metro Ethernet in urban areas inclined to dedicate the needed fiscal resources to the activity.

Power Over Ethernet Technology PoE Definition

2011-06-07T17:21:00.000-07:00

The Definition of PoE or Power Over Ethernet Technology, Energy more than Ethernet or PoE technologies describes a method to pass electrical power safely, in addition to data, on Ethernet cabling. The IEEE common for PoE requires class five cable or increased for large power levels, but can operate with group 3 cable for lower electrical power amounts. Power is supplied in widespread mode about two or more with the differential pairs of wires found in the Ethernet cables and comes from a energy provide in a PoE-enabled networking system these kinds of as an Ethernet switch or can be injected into a cable operate having a midspan strength supply.

Wireless over Power Over Ethernet from wiki

The unique IEEE 802.3af-2003 PoE common offers up to 15.four W of DC energy (minimum 44 V DC and 350 mA ) to every gadget. Only twelve.95 W is assured to become available with the powered device as some power is dissipated within the cable.

The up-to-date IEEE 802.3at-2009 PoE normal also known as PoE+ or PoE plus, supplies up to 25.five W of strength. Some vendors have announced goods that declare to comply together with the 802.3at regular and offer as much as 51 W of electrical power above just one cable by using all four pairs inside the Cat.5 cable.

How to placed Touch Frame into a 40" LCD TV

2011-06-07T16:52:00.000-07:00

This video will explain you how to place infrared touch frame into a 40 inch sony LCD TV, the modificator, choose the sony lcd tv becouse the thin and suitable for iframe infrared touch.

Multitouch LCD TV - Infrared Touch Frame

This video shows an Infrared Touch Frame placed onto a 40" LCD TV. A basic overview is given, and some demo applications are tested. The touch frame, in sizes ranging from 24-200"

are available on the Peau Productions store (http://peauproductions.com/store/). Just attach the frame to a TV or Projector Image and you instantly have multitouch in up to 2,6 or 32 simultaneous touch points. Frames work on Windows and Mac OSX systems, and support TUIO, FlashTUIO and mouse driver interaction. Please see the Peau Productions website for pricing and other information.

Ethernet Splitter Cable

2011-06-07T16:12:00.000-07:00

Do you seek about ethernet splitter cable ? If you spend some time seeking around on the net you could see that individuals make the bogus assumption that a cable splitter is a thing they could use to divide an online connection with. It really is easy to see why they could come to this belief, since the identify implies that you simply can split some thing ethernet centered, so why couldn’t you just split your net connection in between 2 computers? But the reality is they don’t split your web connection. Examine further to find out what a splitter is very best suited and just how they really should be setup and used.

Splitters, as mentioned over, are not for sharing a connection. Really do not be like some who discover this reality only right after they obtain it. So what's an ethernet splitter for then? An ethernet splitter is intended to cut back what amount cat five cable you need when connecting two networks. A network right here isn't going to indicate the web, it signifies either two personal computers or two LANs. Splitters have to be utilized in pairs. The way they perform is due to the fact a LAN only utilizes four in the 8 wires within a cat 5 ethernet cable, when there 8 wires total in these cables.

So, an ethernet splitter cable can help save on cable by creating two lanes of visitors down a single cable. Hopefully it is possible to see now how they permit you to help save on cable. So by way of example in case you needed to place together a pair of pc products in 2 separate rooms, you would not want to work with separate cat five cables, only two ethernet splitters. When utilizing the splitters then you definitely only require just one cable and a splitter at either end. This is a normal scenario of how ethernet splitter LAN ought to be utilized.

An additional difficulty people do not realize is splitters want for being utilised in pairs. Several men and women merely get one splitter and get discouraged due to the fact nothing operates. Pairs are required because the traffic heading in and from the ethernet cable must be merged on a single end prior to it goes in then split about the other end when the site visitors comes out. Using just one splitter implies that traffic can travel in to the ethernet cable, but when it reaches the other end nothing happens.

Ethernet Network Switch Diagram

2011-06-07T16:04:00.000-07:00

Ethernet Network Switch Diagram, This diagram illustrates use of an Ethernet hub or switch on the property network. See beneath for the comprehensive description of this layout.

Wired House Network Diagram Featuring Ethernet Hub or Change

Essential Considerations - Ethernet hubs and switches allow many wired computer systems to network with one another. Most (but not all) Ethernet hubs and switches support up to four connections.

Optional Components - Networking of World wide web access, printers, or game consoles and other entertainment products is just not essential for the relaxation of this residence network layout to function. Simply omit any of those components shown that tend not to exist within your design and style.

Added hubs and switches could be incorporated to the basic layout demonstrated. Connecting hubs and/or switches to each other expands the complete amount of computers the network can support up to a number of dozen.

Restrictions - All computers connecting to a hub or switch should possess a functioning Ethernet network adapter.

As demonstrated, in contrast to a network router, Ethernet hubs and switches can't interface immediately to an online connection. Alternatively, one particular computer has to be designated as managing the internet connection and all other personal computers accessibility the world wide web by means of it. World wide web connection sharing software program might be put in on every computer for this purpose.

How to Make IMMOBILIZER for Car

2011-05-29T10:48:00.000-07:00

Making immobilizer OWN FOR Avanza / Xenia

After studying the wiring diagram of the car Avanza / Xenia, I saw the car can be paired Immobilizer homemade. With the capital only a good quality switch (hold at least 10Ampere) and cable (3mm diameter).

How it Works:

Immobilizer works by electrical decided to Fuel Pump (gas station). So the engine can not burn because there is no gasoline channeled to the engine.What is immobilizer

Because the machine can distarter, as if the car is not equipped with immobilizer function and seem normal, but until the batteries run out too, the engine will not turn on.

Immobilizer is switched on or off using the switch hidden place. Please select a location that is most felt safe but not difficult to achieve when you want to use.

The figure below is a diagram electrification relating to Fuel Pump.

Seen that the fuel pump relay function in control by the ECU. In order not to interfere with the working system of the ECU, then the termination point to the fuel pump relay is positioned in the output, namely the cable that will go directly to the fuel pump.

The cable wires to the fuel pump is colored red with a thickness of about 2mm at PIN # 13 on the socket IF1.

The location is behind a plastic panel near the gas pedal.

To open the plastic panels, it takes a big minus screwdriver, and a small screwdriver to stab the clip.

Opening a small clip is done by piercing the center of the clip up slightly depressed into the (not too hard / deep stab him).

Most likely the plastic at the bottom of the door will also be lifted when you remove the plastic panel.

Socket IF1 look like the picture above.

The composition of his feet like this

Find the RED colored wires with a thickness of 2mm on IF1 socket (the pin # 13).

Prepare switch + cable (minimum diameter of 2mm).

Choose a good quality switch, which is able to work until at least 10Ampere. Switch that is not good to make trouble in the future, because all of a sudden the engine will be turned off when the car is being used, only the result of a bad switch connections so that the fuel pump without electricity.

After the switch and cable ready, disconnect the red wire and connect it to the circuit before the switch was wired. Sambunglah best cable and serapih possible so as not easily be separated. Wrap well and neatly, as if wiring the car was never touched at all.

Please search for where to place the immobilizer switch in secret yet easy to reach (not trouble yourself).

Install and rapihkan back plastic panel that had been opened.

Looking at the above installation process, a distinct advantage for Avanza / Xenia, because the thief enough to bother, do not think the car is equipped with immobilizer and if they (thieves) already know these tips, remain troublesome if have to disassemble the plastic panel.

So my advice, if possible select RED wire cutting position earlier in the hidden part. Wrap neatly.

Well, after installing the immobilizer, activate each time a car park anywhere that it is less secure. We've been trying to curb acts of theft, but the rest we pray to God to always be protected from the bad guys.

CONCLUSION:Immobilizer is made as if our cars ran out of gas, so the engine can not live even though distarter to accu Soak, even in push-push.

Hopefully helpful!.

Thanks to:Fellow AXIC (Avanza Xenia Indonesia Club)

Andi AXIC for his car loan.AGREEMENT:

Saft7.com not responsible for the cancellation of warranty and other problems associated with these tips. Risk borne by itself, if not able to do so please ask for help fellow / mechanic / repair shop that can do that by bringing the Print-Out of these tips to their reading and doing.

Audio Light Modulator diagram

2011-04-30T11:01:00.001-07:00

Audio Light Modulator diagram

Audio light modulations add to the enjoyment of music in the course of functions organised at property or outdoors. Presented here is one such easy circuit in which light is modulated using a little fraction of the audio output from the speaker terminals of the audio amplifier. The output from the speaker terminals of audio amplifier is connected to a transformer (output transformer utilised in transistor radios) via a non-polarised capacitor. The use of transformer is vital for isolating the audio source from the circuit inside the sensitivity control potentiometer VR1 supplied within the input to transistor T1 might be adjusted to guarantee that conduction takes location only after the AF exceeds specific amplitude. This control has to be adjusted as per audio source level. The audio signal Proper earthing of the circuit is fairly crucial. The diode bridge provides pulsating DC output and acts as a guard circuit between the mains input and pulsating DC output. Extreme care is essential to stay away from any electric shock

Running Message Display circuit diagram

2011-04-30T11:00:00.000-07:00

Running Message Display circuit diagram

Light emitting diodes are advan- tageous due to their smaller size, low present consumption and catchy colours they emit. Here is really a running message display circuit wherein the letters formed by LED arrangement light up progressively. As soon as all the letters of the message have been lit up, the circuit gets reset. The circuit is built around Johnson decade counter CD4017BC (IC2). Among the IC CD4017BE’s features is its provision of ten fully decoded outputs, creating the IC ideal for use in a whole range of sequencing operations. In the circuit only one of the outputs remains high as well as the other outputs switch to high state successively on the arrival of each and every clock pulse. The timer NE555 (IC1) is wired as a 1Hz astable multivibrator which clocks the IC2 for sequencing operations. On reset, output pin three goes high and drives transistor T7 to ‘on’ state. The output of transistor T7 is connected to letter ‘W’ of the LED word array (all LEDs of letter array are connected in parallel) and therefore letter ‘W’ is illuminated. On arrival of initial clock pulse, pin three goes low and pin 2 goes high. Transistor T6 conducts and letter ‘E’ lights up. The preceding letter ‘W’ also remains lighted because of forward biasing of transistor T7 via diode D21. In a similar fashion, on the arrival of every successive pulse, the other letters of the display are also illuminated and lastly the total word becomes visible. On the following clock pulse, pin 6 goes to logic 1 and resets the circuit, along with the sequence repeats itself. The frequency of sequencing operations is controlled with the assist of potmeter VR1.

Flashy Christmas Lights

2011-04-30T10:59:00.001-07:00

Flashy Christmas Lights

This simple and affordable circuit built about a well-liked CMOS hex inverter IC CD4069UB gives four sequential switching outputs that might be utilized to control 200 LEDs (50 LEDs per channel), driven directly from mains supply. Input supply of 230V AC is rectified by the bridge rectifiers D1 to D4. Soon after fullwave rectification, the average output voltage of about 6 volts is obtained across the filter comprising capacitor C1 and resistor R5. This supply energises IC CD4069UB. Flashy Christmas Lights

All gates (N1-N6) of the inverter have been utilised here. Gates N1 to N4 have been utilised to control four high voltage transistors T1 to T4 (2N3440 or 2N3439) which in turn drive four channels of 50 LEDs each and every via present limiting resistors of 10-kilo-o Base drive of transistors might be adjusted with the aid of 10-kilo-ohm pots supplied in their paths. Remaining two gates (N5 and N6) form a low frequency oscillator. The frequency of this oscillator could be changed by way of pot VR1. When pot VR1 is adjusted To get the top outcomes, a low leakage, very good high quality capacitor should be utilized for the timing capacitor C2

Optical toggle change utilizing an individual Chip

2011-04-30T10:55:00.001-07:00

Optical toggle change utilizing an individual Chip

Making use of dual flip-flop IC CD4027 utilize a 555 centered monostable circuit to provide input clock pulses. The circuit explained here obviates this requirement. One of the two flip-flops inside of IC CD4027 alone acts as square wave shaper

Automated Dual output Display

2011-04-30T07:29:00.000-07:00

Automated Dual output Display .This circuit lights up ten bulbs sequentially, 1st in one direc- tion and then within the opposite direction, thus presenting a nice visual impact. In this circuit, gates N1 and N2 form an oscillator. The output of this oscillator is employed as a clock for BCD up/down counter CD4510 (IC2). Depending on the logic state at its pin 10, the counter counts up or down. In the course of count up operation, pin 7 of IC2 outputs an active low pulse on reaching the ninth count. Similarly, during count-down operation, you again get a low-going pulse at pin 7. This terminal count output from pin 7, soon after inversion by gate N3, is connected to clock pin 14 of decade counter IC3 (CD4017) Automated Dual output Display . which is configured here as a toggle flip-flop by returning its Q2 output at pin 4 to reset pin 15. Thus output at pin 3 of IC3 goes to logic 1 and logic 0 state alternately at each and every terminal count of IC2. Initially, pin three (Q0) of IC3 is high as well as the counter is in count-up state. On reaching ninth count, pin three of IC3 goes low and as a result IC2 starts counting down. When the counter reaches 0 count, Q2 output of IC3 momentarily goes high to reset it, thus taking pin three to logic 1 state, as well as the cycle repeats. The BCD output of IC2 is connected to 1-of-10 decoder CD4028 (IC4). In the course of count-up operation of IC2, the outputs of IC4 go logic high sequentially from Q0 to Q9 and therefore trigger the triacs and lighting bulbs 1 through 10, 1 soon after the other. Thereafter, during count-down operation of IC2, the bulbs light within the reverse order, presenting a wonderful visual effect

Pengertian Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

2011-03-01T16:04:00.000-08:00

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a method of controlling the power used in most electronic devices, for example on the PC Power Supply, UPS or power supply2 on other electronic devices. not only used to control power, the PWM can also be used to regulate electronic devices such as servo motors.

As the name Pulse Width Modulation or Indonesian language Pulse width modulation is a form of voltage signal is changed change the pulse width to be drawn more details can be seen below.

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

In the picture above shows there are five kinds of fruit with 5 PWM Duty Cycle value 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. Duty Cycle is a parameter that indicates the ratio of the PWM signal is logic 1 (5 volts) and the signal logic 0 (0 volts), for example:

PWM Duty Cycle 25% with a period of say 100ms will mean a logic 1 on the PWM signal is 25% of the total signal period or 25% of 100ms = 25ms, while for the signal to the PWM logic 0 is the remainder or 75 ms.

The use of PWM in power control is more efficient when compared with the conventional method of controlling power (resistive circuit), since no power is wasted into heat.

PWM can be generated in several ways one of them is with a Microcontroller and use Timer IC 555.

if something is missing or incorrect please submit via comments

wasalam

INFO SKEMA POWER SUPPLY TRAFO CT

2011-03-01T16:01:00.000-08:00

INFO SKEMA POWER SUPPLY TRAFO CT,Power supply or adapter is a device that can convert AC voltage into DC. This tool can be regarded as the primary need for electronic lovers. Adapter components are:

Transformers (Transformers)

Diodes

Elco (Electrolyte Condensator)

Switch

ac jack

LED (optional)

resistor (option)

Pinch crocodile (optional)

chasing (optional)

Transformer

Transformer or transformer serves to convert high voltage AC voltage into low voltage AC voltage according to the value stated on the transformer output. Transformer is divided into 2 treafo CT and not CT. These transformers are quite expensive depending on the size of current (amperes), the greater the flow of the more expensive price.

Skema Adaptor Dengan Trafo Ct

2011-03-01T15:57:00.000-08:00

Skema Adaptor Dengan Trafo Ct,To test the Stax "earspeakers" I want to set up a transformer based adapter.

(A basic "work notworks" test, while waiting to build or buy a dedicated amp.)

Did I understand correctly, that this adapter is made of center-tapped step-up tranformers, where the center tap is biased, as the diaphragm, to an appropriate voltage (580V for Pro, 230V for the Normal)?Skema Adaptor Dengan Trafo Ct,

If this is the case, here is my second question(s):

Can this be done with "normal" center-tapped output transformers?

I have two smallish transformers from an old ECL82 amplifier, that have say "3.5" on one side and 5000 Ohm" on the other sidez (this oen being center-tapped).

Can I expect these to withstand the bias voltage?

Could this be done with "100V line transformers" from a 100W PA amplifier?

I have two of these, and it seems like the taps are symmetric (I'll test more accurately) and function as step-ups.

These look "bulky" to me (2Kg weight and thick conductors) but again, would they stand 580V?

Thanks for any help.

I would normally "just try it and see what happens".

But in this case, even if I can keep the bias voltage low, it needs to be high enough to discourage such an approach; not ready to sacrifice those trafos, let alone the Stax-es...

Converter VGA to BNC Adapter

2011-02-23T03:06:00.000-08:00

adapter BNC to VGA Converter

BNC to VGA converters, it is also known as BNC to VGA adapters and BNC to VGA connectors, this tool usually used by CCTV surveillance system installers when an inexpensive solution is needed to connect a computer monitor to a surveillance DVR and the surveillance DVR only has BNC video outputs. BNC to VGA Converter

Monitors with BNC inputs are specialized security products that usually are much more expensive and not as readily available as a VGA input computer monitor. In order to address this issue, CCTV Camera Pros began manufacturing BNC to VGA converters so that CCTV installers can connect a video device BNC output to a computer monitor with standard VGA (D-Sub) video input. Our converter product is the highest quality on market. We guarantee it.Converter VGA to BNC Adapter

Convert Laptop Screen to Vga

2010-12-25T17:42:00.000-08:00

Convert Laptop Screen to Vga .Here's a quick acknowledgment for those who wants to use a laptop LCD for affectation for their CarPC. I achievement this will be helpful. And there's no added alibi for arrant "oh oh oh its not in the faq section."

A basal LCD adviser you shop for over the adverse is already prepackaged with aggregate you charge to angle up to a accepted video ascribe jacks such as VGA, RCA, S-Video.

The basal apparatus are LCD screen, controller, and backlight inverter. The ambassador has an ascribe and output. The ascribe access are either VGA, RCA, or S-Video. The achievement again connects to the LCD screen. The backlight inverter takes low voltage ability like 12v and accomplish it up to a few hundred or thousand volts for the backlight to ablaze up the LCD. The college the wattage, the brighter the awning for daytime viewing. That's addition story.

Laptop LCDs appear with the LCD awning and the backlight inverter and the backlight congenital in. It does not accept a controller. This is the allotment that best bodies dont accept why they deceit use a laptop LCD. You charge a ambassador to catechumen connected VGA, RCA, S-video arresting to non connected LCD signal.

LCD screens dont amount much. You can shop for a laptop LCD awning for a few dollars on ebay admitting they can get as aerial as $100-$300. The ambassador is what's gonna amount you the most

Serial Led Matrix Interface

2010-12-25T17:26:00.000-08:00

Description: This is the medium sized LED Matrix with a backpack that has been designed to take SPI serial input and display any graphics you pass it. All the refreshing and communication control is taken care of by the backpack. It's even reprogrammable! Off, Red, Green, and Yellow colors are available.Serial Led Matrix Interface

Unit comes with an Red/Green Matrix assembled with a RG Matrix Backpack Controller. Multiple display modules were daisy chained together over serial the article covers pwm he was starting with a kit to build an arduinome, but had issues getting his led matrix to. Led matrix : sunrom technologies, your source for development messages and current time can be modified via serial port schematics here is the schematic of the led clock the everlight 5 8 dot matrix was not available as part of the. 5 25 led matrix which is used to control a single-chip led dot matrix display, a single chip for the expansion of the keyboard, serial communication with the host computer, temperature measurement. Led clock this is a project in progress, it's a 5 25" led matrix built using 154 (22 7) dual color it connects to the rs232 port (that's the serial port for you software ppl) to make. Serial led matrix can someone please tell me the easiest way that to wire up and control an rgb led 8x8 matrix can be programmed via spi, qspi, and microwire as well as a conventional 4-wire serial.

Timed Potentiometers

2010-12-25T17:25:00.000-08:00

Timed Potentiometers

Long time rotary move sensor with water-proof 11 wh size carbon-ceramic trimmer ceramic base preset potentiometer 12 wi size metal-glaze trimmer ceramic base preset potentiometer. Potentiometers,wholesale china buy potentiometer 50k, business industrial items on ebay find great deals on musical buy it now: $17 90: time left: 10d 11h 43m. Potentiometer 50k items - get great deals on

business industrial time electronics 1007 dc millivolt potentiometer & source condition: brand new the 1007 dc millivolt potentiometer and source can be used for potentiometric voltage measurement in. Time electronics 1007 dc millivolt potentiometer & source i am having the hardest time finding out the specs on a set of potentiometers that i got somehow basically i just need to know what the maximum. Potentiometer products, buy potentiometer products from alibaba.com products name: potentiometers: item no: m_offer trimming potentiometers update time: 2008-10-16 16:38:47: enquiry now:.

how does a DPST Relay work

2010-12-25T17:24:00.000-08:00

how does a DPST Relay work this schema may will help you
DPST= Double pole single throw
So when this relay is turned on or off, it switches contacts on 2 circuits.

---------0 ----------

---------0 ----------

Acepic Pro Lcd Mikroc

2010-12-25T17:23:00.001-08:00

It shows how the program compilation is performed as well as various responses lcd custom character mikroc pro for pic includes lcd custom character the output is the mikroc pro. Video ara mikroc 18f452 lcd example - kendin co programa abaixo foi elaborado no compilador mikroc (www.mikroe.com) e tem como objetivo escrever duas mensagens no display lcd added on 13th marth 2010 06:55:11 pm program. Experiments with pic16f628a: september 2009 how to use rom for storing data in mikroc avoid error not you have to move the strings to rom (flash program) memory lcd_out(1,1,text) // now output is shibuvarkala1234.

Data Sheets For Electronic Components

2010-12-25T16:46:00.000-08:00

Data Sheets For Electronic Components .Datasheet is a free Datasheet search site for Electronic Components and Semiconductors, integrated circuits, diodes, triacs, and other semiconductors

Uniquip is an iso certified electronic component distributor uniquip imports electronic about us: search: data sheets: excess: contact us. Maxim integrated products and dallas semiconductor - electronic an independent distributor of electronic components to manufacturers, schools, colleges and universities catalogue and manufacturers data sheets online. Database of electronic components spare parts and test equipment the following are some data sheets on wes components products in pdf form service manuals, electronic components datasheets and equipment schematics database. Google directory - business > electronics and electrical database of electronics components, spare parts and test equipment sony data sheets account app apacer lumileds. Intel chips - electronic parts, electronic components, data sheets uniquip is an iso certified electronic component distributor

Free Electronic Circuits Schematic

2010-12-25T16:43:00.000-08:00

Free Electronic Circuits Schematic Free popular electronic circuits schematics download electronic - schematic circuits for the hobbyist by tony van roon circuits for the hobbyistfor your electronics hobby entertainment enjoy it is. Electronics circuits electronics projects free electronics electronics tutorials - circuits - schematics - dictionary of electronics terms, basic & advanced electronics - abbreviations, electronics for beginners, general theory, components. Electronics tutorials - circuits - schematics - electronics hobby electronic circuit diagrams , schematics and projects , tutorials and free electronic kits diagrams with descriptions electronic circuits design tutorials and software. Electronicsinfoline.com pic projects diy projects a site for electronics circuits,electronics projects,free electronics projects engineering blog- electronic circuits , electronic projects,electronic schematic,electronic design.

Semiconductor And Integrated Components

2010-12-25T16:11:00.000-08:00

Semiconductor And Integrated Components

Analog, mixed-signal and digital signal processing (dsp) integrated circuits (ics) avnet cilicon in phoenix, arizona, usa electrical and electronic, semiconductor components, sensors. Electronic components and semiconductors royalty-free clipart picture of an electronic semiconductor integrated component, on a white background this royalty-free cartoon styled clip art picture is available as a fine. Comparator linear integrated circuits (ic) uniquip is an iso certified electronic component distributor

uniquip imports electronic components from manufacturers world wide, such as intel, maxim integrated, linear. General semiconductor - electronic parts, electronic components semiconductor integrated circuits are used to carry out a wide variety of tasks in many different electrical and electronic components an integrated circuit (ic) has a large. Electronic circuit (ic) design business > electronics and electrical > components > semiconductors > integrated circuits develops physical-layer electronic components for broadband.

Google directory - business > electronics and electrical electronic components, alldatasheet, free, electronic componentsdatasheet, datasheet search site for electronic components and semiconductors, integrated circuits, diodes, triacs. Royalty-free (rf) clipart illustration of an electronic odyssey electronics ltd is an independent stocking distributor electronic components, integrated circuits, semiconductors, transistors, relays,.

Electronic Circuit Simulation Diagram

2010-12-24T22:52:00.000-08:00

Electronic Circuit Simulation Diagram

This is a fun little activity that was way added assignment than it's apparently account but a few of us accept begin it amusing.

If you don't appetite to apprehend all this stuff, bang this articulation Bang the switches and see what happens. Then appear aback here.

I started this activity to authenticate an abstraction for alteration electrical ladder diagrams in a web browser. Then addition capital to bang on the switches and accept them change state. Of advance the ablaze bulbs had to ablaze up. Then addition abroad capital the "meter". I accidentally apparent the claim for the affairs to accept bound attrition (it's a continued story). By the time the LEDs alone formed beneath advanced bias, I had appealing abundant acclimated up my enthusiasm. But it's a air-conditioned toy!

Brief Instructions

The ambit actor works in one of two modes. In ambit alteration mode, you can body and rewire your circuit. You can abode ambit elements such as switches and lights and affix them up with wires. When you're accessible to try your circuit, bang on the array about-face to "close" it and about-face on the juice.

In ambit testing mode, your ambit is operating. Lamps light, etc. If there are switches in your circuit, you can bang on them to change them from accessible to bankrupt and vice-versa. Your cursor arrow is additionally your beat probe. When you abode it on a wire, the "meter" readout at the larboard shows the voltage at that point, with account to the abrogating array terminal, and the accepted through that segment. If you accept your delving on a aberration junction, the accepted may not display. When your delving is on a lamp or a resistor, the voltmeter shows the voltage bead beyond the aspect as able-bodied as the accepted through it. In this mode, the beat reads "dV" instead of "V".

When you bang the articulation below, you'll alpha in the "circuit editing" approach of the ambit simulator. You apperceive you're in this approach because the array about-face is open. Also, the palette is present on the larboard ancillary of the screen. To body your circuit, bang a ambit aspect from the palette. A ample adaptation of the alleged aspect shows up at the top of the palette. As you move your cursor over the base breadth aloft the batteries, a apparitional angel of the aspect is displayed. Position this area you appetite it and bang to stick it down. The bare corpuscle in the palette is the eraser. Use it to abolish exceptionable ambit elements.

It's best to alpha by afraid bottomward lamps, switches, etc. Then baddest wire segments and affix aggregate together.

The actor allows you to save your circuits for after recall. You are asked to use your email abode as a key to abundance your circuits alone from anybody else's. If you are batty about giving me your email address, aloof accomplish one up. But bethink what you used! There is no added way to anamnesis your adored circuits.

Things to Try

There are a baby scattering of archetype circuits available. You'll see these listed on the "Open" screen. Pull one of these up. Flip the switches. Play with the "meter". The ambit alleged "Series and Parallel" is the one I acclimated for abundant of the debugging of the program.

Other abstracts you ability acquisition entertaining:

Make a ambit area there are bombastic paths from the array to the lamp. How does the electricity apperceive which way to go? Accomplish one of the paths abundant best than the other. Measure the accepted in anniversary path.

Make the beeline accessible asleep abbreviate beyond the batteries. Measure the current. Doesn't that accord you a activity of power?

How abounding lamps at abounding accuracy can you get on the page? If you try this on a anthology computer, how continued will the array last?

Take photographs of real-world ablaze bulbs at assorted currents. Compare to the lamps in the actor at the aforementioned currents. Let me apperceive how it comes out.

Make a continued wire by zig-zagging aback and forth, bushing the accomplished window with the longest accessible distinct aisle that connects the array terminals together. When you about-face on the battery, of advance the accepted is alone bound by the attrition of the wire. Run the beat delving forth the wire and watch the voltage change. Some bodies are calmly amused, I guess.

Follow this articulation to the Ambit Simulator

Known Problems

Wierd things can appear if you put a three- or four- way alliance appropriate abutting to the battery. Try to use a vertical band or a bend here.

The batteries should accept some centralized resistance. Simulating attrition in the affairs hasn't annoyed some critics.

The V/I ambit of the LEDs is not actual realistic. In fact, I'm tempted to booty them out altogether.

The instructions are appealing pathetic. Feel chargeless to address a more good set and email them to me.

Electronic Circuits Projects

2010-12-24T22:47:00.000-08:00

A Collection of Electronic Projects and Circuits

If you’ve already formed through a few projects from Electronics Projects For Dummies and bent the electronics bug you ability appetite to try a few projects from added sources. To advice you out here’s a account of some absorbing projects that I’ve begin about the Web. These projects attending absorbing and are able-bodied accurate but we haven’t had a adventitious to body them all, so after-effects may vary! Some of these projects use aerial voltages and currents we accomplish no assurance as to their safety, it is your own albatross to alone accouterment projects that you accept the ability and abilities to assignment on safely.

· Plant Moisture Meter. This ambit takes the assumption out of watering plants by lighting up an LED

Controlled Mass Production of Nanowires

2010-10-26T04:58:00.000-07:00

Controlled Mass Production of Nanowires

Reliable manufacturing of nanowires for large-scale, integrated devices (lab-on-a-chip, for example) requires that these structures can be grown at desired locations over a large area. Kris Bertness and colleagues at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have grown Gallium Nitride nanowires on silicon substrates at controlled locations with essentially perfect selectivity.

The nanowires are grown by molecular beam epitaxy through a silicon nitride mask that is patterned on to a silicon wafer. The mask acts as a stencil layer through which the nanowires grow uniformly. The size and location of the openings control the position and the diameter of the nanowires grown, respectively. After optimization of growth and processing conditions, there is mostly no growth on the mask surface. Mask openings of approximately 500 nm or less produce single nanowires with a well-formed hexagonal shape and a symmetrical tip with six facets. Structures grown in openings of over 1000 nm appear to be coalesced nanowires, and medium-size openings (500 nm to 900 nm) yielded single crystalline nanowires with multifaceted tops.

The NIST researchers also derived the dependence of the vertical growth rate of various GaN features as a function of distance from the center of the silicon wafer. With this ability to influence the shape and size of semiconductor nanowires over a large area, further progress can be made towards the miniaturization of devices.

Blue-green diode lasers New Evolution

2010-10-26T04:32:00.000-07:00

Blue-green diode lasers New Evolution

High power edge emitting diode lasers are the most efficient coherent light sources available. They feature small physical size combined with high reliability. Semiconductor lasers can be manufactured from the ultraviolet to the mid infrared. However, especially in the visible spectrum from the aquamarine (480 nm) to the red (630 nm) including green, yellow and orange no emission from diode lasers is available – a wavelength range needed by a vast number of applications like medical treatment and diagnostics, spectroscopy, data storage, and display technology. One way to obtain coherent light at wavelengths where direct laser emission is unavailable is frequency conversion, like second harmonic generation (SHG).

Andreas Jechow and his co-authors from the University of Potsdam and the Ferdinand Braun Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik, Berlin, Germany give a review on SHG using edge emitting diode lasers and nonlinear crystals to obtain laser radiation in the blue-green spectral range. They focus on the advances made with single pass SHG using bulk and waveguide crystals utilizing diode lasers as pump sources.

Frequency doubling of diode laser emission has become an alternative to diode pumped solid state laser and optically pumped semiconductor laser systems and it promises the realization of blue-green laser devices with high wall plug efficiency. This is feasible because of the availability of highly efficient nonlinear materials based on quasi phasematching and the recent advances in manufacturing high brilliance edge emitting diode lasers. Single pass and resonant SHG schemes that can deliver up to 1.5 W of optical output power in the visible spectrum have been demonstrated. Furthermore, single pass conversion efficiencies as high as 50% have become possible with channel waveguide quasi phase-matched devices and low power diode lasers.

via http://www.materialsviews.com/details/news/849603/Blue-green_diode_lasers.html

Skema Penyearah Tiga-fasa

2010-09-21T05:45:00.000-07:00

To minimize the low frequency ripple without using a large LC filters, active filters such as the installation can be seen in Figure 3 (a) has been proposed in the literature [80-10]. Figure three (b) shows an equivalent circuit of the dc side of Figure 3 (a). Vd states the average value (dc component) and declare the filter capacitor voltage ripple. If the active filter is controlled so as to produce the voltage ripple voltage ripple burden no longer contain. In these systems, a passive LC filter is used to reduce ripple and high frequency active filter to reduce low frequency ripple. Therefore, the required size of passive filter is not too large. This active filter can be implemented with a series of linear mode power converters and switching. As mentioned previously, the relationship between the series active filter with a load capacity of the current causes the active filter must be at least equal to the maximum current load, although the low-voltage itself, which is equal to the voltage ripple is compensated. Since a large current capacity required, the application of this method for very large currents will complex and inefficient.

Skema Elektro Lampu Emergency

2010-09-21T04:43:00.000-07:00

The circuit Skema Elektro Lampu Emergency scheme is often called the light of this cas I've tried and this circuit can operate for eight hours depending on the batteries that we use but more effective if we use the dry batteries but the price is quite expensive and use the relay as an automatic switch so we do not have to bother because the circuit will automatically go on when the lights went out and and where electric lights, the circuit will automatically initiate the charge and the circuit is very suitable for the tasks of school if it is less obvious

what we need is • TRAFO = 5A CT /1
• TRANSISTOR =MJ2955/1
=BC 548 A/1
=BD 140/1
=L7812 CV/1
• RESISTOR =12 KΩ/1
= 10 KΩ/1
=82 KΩ/1
=1M Ω/1
=8K2 Ω/2
=3K9 Ω/1
=100 Ω/1
=4K7 Ω/1
• DIODA =MDA 2500/2
=IN4002/1
• DIODA ZENER =6V8/1
=5V6/1

Kenwood TS-520S/SE schema

2010-09-21T04:28:00.000-07:00

For the S line, KWM-2 and KWS-1. Plug and play for the S line and easy install for the other radios.

Also available for Kenwood TS-520S/SE, Drake C line and several Hammarlund receivers.

Displays frequency with 10Hz resolution and displays operating mode (LSB, USB, AM and CW if you have the CW crystal installed in your radio).

Fully automatic. It measures the crystal osc. the PTO and the BFO and computes the carrier frequency.

Since it measures all the oscillators it takes into account any errors in the crystals in your radio.

Update rate of 5 times per second tracks real time while you tune.

Digital filtering to eliminate bouncing digits due to digital round off.

ie: does NOT bounce back and forth between 999 and 1000.

Diode Transistor Logic Component

2010-09-21T04:25:00.000-07:00

In DTL (Diode transistor logic), all the logic is implemented using diodes and transistors. A basic circuit in the DTL logic family is as shown in the figure below. Each input is associated with one diode. The diodes and the 4.7K resistor form an AND gate. If input X, Y or Z is low, the corresponding diode conducts current, through the 4.7K resistor. Thus there is no current through the diodes connected in series to transistor base . Hence the transistor does not conduct, thus remains in cut-off, and output out is High.

If all the inputs X, Y, Z are driven high, the diodes in series conduct, driving the transistor into saturation. Thus output out is Low.

Resistor Transistor Logic Diagram

2010-09-21T04:23:00.000-07:00

what is Resistor Transistor Logic Diagram

In RTL (resistor transistor logic), all the logic are implemented using resistors and transistors. One basic thing about the transistor (NPN), is that HIGH at input causes output to be LOW (i.e. like a inverter). Below is the example of a few RTL logic circuits.

A basic circuit of an RTL NOR gate consists of two transistors Q1 and Q2, connected as shown in the figure above. When either input X or Y is driven HIGH, the corresponding transistor goes to saturation and output Z is pulled to LOW.

Diode Logic Circuit

2010-09-21T04:21:00.000-07:00

In DL (diode logic), all the logic is implemented using diodes and resistors. One basic thing about the diode, is that diode needs to be forward biased to conduct. Below is the example of a few DL logic circuits.Diode Logic Circuit

When no input is connected or driven, output Z is low, due to resistor R1. When high is applied to either X or Y, or both X and Y are driven high, the corresponding diode get forward biased and thus conducts. When any diode conducts, output Z goes high.

Points to PonderDiode Logic suffers from voltage degradation from one stage to the next.

Diode Logic only permits OR and AND functions.

Diode Logic is used extensively but not in integrated circuits.

2 Watt Amplifier schema

2010-08-16T21:42:00.000-07:00

2 Watt Amplifier schema.A 2 Watt audio amplifier made from discrete components.

Notes:

This was one of the earliest circuits that I ever designed and built, in Spring 1982. At that time I had only an analogue meter and a calculator to work with. Although not perfect, this amplifier does have a wide frequency response, low harmonic distortion about 3%, and is capable of driving an 8 ohm speaker to output levels of around 5 watts with slightly higher distortion. Any power supply in the range 12 to 18 Volts DC may be used.

Circuit Description

The amplifier operates in Class AB mode; the single 470R preset resistor, PR1 controls the quiescent current flowing through the BD139/140 complimentary output transistors. Adjustment here, is a trade-off between low distortion and low quiescent current. Typically, under quiescent conditions, current is about 15 mA rising to 150 mA with a 50 mV input signal. The frequency response is shown below and is flat from 20Hz to 100kHz:

Bode Blot:

The circuit is DC biased so that the emitters of the BD139 and BD140 are at approximately half supply voltage, to allow for a maximum output voltage swing. R9 and R10 provide a degree of temperature stabilization which works as follows. If the output transistors are warm, the emitter currents will increase. This causes a greater voltage drop across R9 and R10 reducing the available bias current. All four transistors are direct coupled which ensures:-

(i) A good low frequency response

(ii) Temperature and bias change stability.

DC Voltages of Prototype

The following voltage checks were made on my prototype. All voltage are made with respect to (wrt) 0 Volt and shown in the table below.

DC Voltages Measured wrt 0V

Q1 Emitter 9.12V

Q1 Base 9.77V

Q1 Collector 14.22V

Q2 Base 14.22V

Q3 Base 7.65V

Q4 Base 5.98V

Junction R9/10 6.82V

Capacitor C3 14.95V The BC109C and 2N3906 operate in common emitter. This alone will provide a very high open loop gain. The output BD139/140 pair operate in emitter follower, allowing the amplifier to drive low impedance speakers. The signal to noise ration is shown below:

Signal to Noise Ratio:

This amplifier has a S/n ratio of 115dB at 1kHz. Overall gain is provided by the ratio of the 22k and 1k resistor. A heat sink on the BD139/140 pair is recommended but not essential, though the transistors will run "hot" to the touch.

Fourier Analysis

A quick measure of the distortion of this amplifier was performed. Operating on a 15V DC power supply with an input sinusoidal waveform of 100mV peak to peak at 1KHz produced the following results in Tina1.

Fourier Coefficients:

The number of samples was set to 4096 and Fourier coefficients up to the 16th harmonic were calculated. The sum of the all harmonics up to 16KHz amounted to just under 2.9% total harmonic distortion, the results are plotted below.

Harmonic Distortion:

The second and third harmonic are the biggest contribution to overall distortion. Choosing a different amplifier design, a different viasing scheme or more evenly match components can reduce distortion accordingly. At the time this amplifier was made, I only had an analogue multimeter, so all things considered, it was not too bad an effort.

Picture of My Prototype

Finally an image of the original which has stood the test of time. The BD139,140 power transistors can be seen on the left hand side, the preset near top centre, the BC109C centre right and 2N3906 is buried under a miniature screened audio cable, centre bottom.

via :http://www.zen22142.zen.co.uk/Circuits/Audio/2wamp.html

5 Zone Alarm System by Andy Collinson

2010-08-16T21:28:00.000-07:00

This is a complete alarm system with 5 independent zones suitable for a small office or home environment. It uses just 3 CMOS IC's and features a timed entry / exit zone, 4 immediate zones and a panic button. There are indicators for each zone a "system armed" indicator. The schematic is as follows:

Please Note: This diagram is drawn with Relay and Switch Contacts labeled as in my Practical Section

Wheres the Parts List ? On the diagram click here for more info.

Circuit Notes:

Each zone uses a normally closed contact. These can be micro switches or standard alarm contacts (usually reed switches). Suitable switches can be bought from alarm shops and concealed in door frames, or window ledges.

Zone 1 is a timed zone which must be used as the entry and exit point of the building. Zones 2 - 5 are immediate zones, which will trigger the alarm with no delay. Some RF immunity is provided for long wiring runs by the input capacitors, C1-C5. C7 and R14 also form a transient suppresser. The key switch acts as the Set/Unset and Reset switch. For good security this should be the metal type with a key.

Operation:

At switch on, C6 will charge via R11, this acts as the exit delay and is set to around 30 seconds. This can be altered by varying either C6 or R11. Once the timing period has elapsed, LED6 will light, meaning the system is armed. LED6 may be mounted externally (at the bell box for example) and provides visual indication that the system has set. Once set any contact that opens will trigger the alarm, including Zone 1. To prevent triggering the alarm on entry to the building, the concealed re-entry switch must be operated. This will discharge C6 and start the entry timer. The re-entry switch could be a concealed reed switch, located anywhere in a door frame, but invisible to the eye. The panic switch, when pressed, will trigger the alarm when set. Relay contacts RLA1 provide the latch, RLA2 operate the siren or buzzer.

source http://www.zen22142.zen.co.uk/Circuits/Alarm/5zalm.html

Touch Switch Circuit Schema

2010-08-16T20:50:00.000-07:00

This circuit uses a 555 timer as the bases of the blow switch. You can apprentice added about 555 timers in the Learning area on my site. When the bowl is affected the 555 timer is triggered and the achievement on pin 3 goes aerial axis on the LED and the buzzer for a assertive aeon of time. The time that the LED and the buzzer is on is based on the ethics of the capacitor and resistor affiliated to pin 6 & 7. The 10M resistor on pin 2 causes the

Touch Switch Circuit Schema

the ambit to be actual acute to the touch.

Schema 5 Zone Alarm Circuit

2010-08-16T20:46:00.000-07:00

this is schema 5 Zone Alarm Circuit,Each area uses a commonly bankrupt contact. These can be micro switches or accepted anxiety contacts (usually reed switches). Area 1 is a timed area which allegation be acclimated as the access and avenue point of the building. Zones 2 - 5 are actual zones, which will activate the anxiety with no delay. Some RF amnesty is provided for continued base runs by the ascribe capacitors, C1-C5. C7 and R14 additionally anatomy a brief suppresser.

The key about-face acts as the Set/Unset and Reset switch. For acceptable aegis this should be the metal blazon with a key. At about-face on, C6 will allegation via R11, this acts as the avenue adjournment and is set to about 30 seconds. This can be adapted by capricious either C6 or R11.

build Active Sub-Woofer and Controller

2010-08-11T05:42:00.000-07:00

Introduction

Sub woofers are actual popular, with home theatre actuality one of the active forces. However, a acceptable sub adds appreciably to accustomed hi-fi affairs material, and abnormally so if it is anticipated and has acceptable acknowledgment characteristics.

The majority of sub woofers use a ample apostle disciplinarian in a ample box, with affability vents and all the difficulties (and vagaries) that accepted operation entails. By conventional, I beggarly that the apostle and chiffonier are operated as a beating system, application the Thiele-Small ambit to access a box which will (if aggregate works as it should) accommodate accomplished performance.

The assumption of Extended Low FrequencyTM(or ELFTM) [1] is decidedly uncommon, with one architect that I accept begin application it in their subs [2]. I doubtable there is one other, but I am not assertive that the aforementioned adjustment is acclimated - although the assumption is the same. Since ELF is trademarked, I will not be application the appellation in this project, but will accredit to my adaptation as Electronically Assisted Subwoofer (EAS). I briefly anticipation about Electronic Subwoofer Assumption (ESP) but absitively that would be asinine :-)

The basal attempt were apparent by Edward Long and Ronald Wickersham (although there is a achievability that others accept acclimated agnate attempt beforehand, there is little accessible literature), and they both point out that there are some above problems in the reproduction of low bass, highlighting the actuality that the bass is the foundation aloft which the complete angel is created, and that the appearance acknowledgment of ported enclosures can account "smearing" of the complete in the time domain. I don't apperceive about "smearing", but I do apperceive that my ancestor provides bass that is added and tighter than annihilation I accept heard before. Ported enclosures absolutely account problems with the sound, as the reproduction apparatus relies on two beating systems, and it takes time for the complete to body up and decay.

Siegfried Linkwitz [3] developed a ambit that equalises the basal end of the system, but does not affect the college frequencies. This is apparent and declared absolutely in Activity 71, and charge be acclimated with a crossover. Although it offers several advantages over the EAS arrangement declared here, it is additionally abundant added codicillary on your abundant ability of the loudspeaker disciplinarian parameters

Fake electronic devices proliferate in China

2010-08-11T05:39:00.000-07:00

Fake electronic devices proliferate in China

BEIJING -- Apple's iPhone 4G is not clearly for auction yet in China and may not be for several months. Neither is the accepted iPad touch-screen tablet.

But never mind. Both accessories are readily accessible at a deluge of Chinese electronics malls in Beijing, Shanghai and all the above cities, in what constitutes China's advantageous telecommunications "gray market" that rivals -- and in some cases, surpasses -- the absolute thing.

The phones are banned from the United States and additionally from Hong Kong, area both accessories are clearly on sale. The banned iPhone 4G sells in China for $800 to $1,700, depending on the accumulator size. An iPad with 64 gigabytes goes for about $1,000.

If those prices are too high, Chinese consumers charge not affront -- there are affluence of fakes on the market, about duplicate from the absolute thing, from the blow awning to the apps to the iconic argent logo on the back. They are accepted actuality as "Shanzhaiji," which about translates as "Mountain Bandit Phones."

China has continued aloft the ire of U.S. barter admiral for the country's copycat ability and generally condescending attitude against bookish acreage rights. It is accepted as the world's ambassador of affected Rolexes, DVDs, affluence handbags, artist accouterment and aloof about aggregate else.

But the all-around access of acute phones and claimed accessories has taken the canard to a added adult level, with the "Shanzhaiji" aggressive with accepted manufacturers and claiming an accretion allotment of the telecommunications market. BDA China, a Beijing-based business advising firm, said adulterous phones fabricated up 38 percent of the handset sales in China in 2009.

Some adulterous corpuscle phones action anytime added avant-garde appearance that can outdistance alike the originals.

"It alike has some functions the absolute one doesn't," boasted one buzz bell-ringer assuming off a Taiwanese-made affected iPhone 4G at Beijing's Fang Shi Communications and Technology Plaza, a hot, crowed, sprawling building alms a boundless arrangement of affected cellphones.

The affected iPhone's appropriate appearance accommodate a disposable array and a abode for two SIM cards, acceptation the user can accept two buzz numbers arena for the aforementioned phone.

"You about can't acquaint the aberration amid this and the absolute thing," said a vendor, nicknamed "Huzi," answer that he has awash added than 4,000 aback the fakes came on the bazaar a few months ago. It says "iPhone" on the back, with the Apple logo. It alike uses absolute iPhone accessories, like the charger and the earphones. The alone aberration is the amount -- about $100, with a little bargaining.

Huzi, the adolescent bell-ringer with orange-tinted annoying hair, said he has never had a chump appear aback and complain. His boutique does action a abounding guarantee.

There are affluence of added fakes as well, some with about no apparent aberration from the absolute artefact except, on afterpiece inspection, the name.

The vendors assume assertive about the achievability that they are breaking the law. "The badge won't able bottomward us -- it's not accoutrements or drugs, why bother?" Huzi said. He added: "The corpuscle phones aren't illegal. If it's illegal, why is such a big bazaar still accessible here?"

Many of the affected corpuscle phones are exported to the Middle East and Africa, a advantageous bazaar for bargain fakes. Some vendors at two Beijing electronics malls said African barter generally buy phones in bulk, to booty aback to their home countries -- possibly to advertise as the absolute thing.

Flora Wu, arch analyst with BDA in Beijing, said in an e-mail that accepted iPhone hand-set sales in China in the aboriginal bisected of this year were 800,000, compared with 2.5 actor banned hand-sets sold.

Murray King, the managing administrator for Greater China for APCO Worldwide, said abounding buyers of cloned articles were generally foreigners, who appear to China to sop up the affected Rolexes and DVDs.

Using A Noise Generator

2010-08-11T05:37:00.000-07:00

How to use noise generator

Connect the architect to your preamp, and boring beforehand the akin ascendancy until the complete akin is at about the akin of accustomed accent (about 65dB). Carefully accept for any "tonality" in the sound, such as a low hum, or a point area the arresting seems to abandon (sometimes referred to as a "suckout"), or annihilation which does not complete like authentic noise. This will apparently booty a little convenance - if you accept a clear equaliser handy, this is a abundant way to acquaint peaks and dips to apprehend what they complete like.

Try alert through a acceptable set of headphones, and analyze the aftereffect with the speakers and allowance acoustics, you ability be afraid at the result. I already apprehend a adventure area an architect was aggravating to acquisition out area the hum in his babble architect was advancing from. It angry out that the babble architect had no hum at all, but he was audition the bass resonance from a abominably advised loudspeaker - you can get hasty after-effects from blush babble testing!

Remember that if you use the another clarify and use beyond than accustomed caps to get acknowledgment bottomward to 1Hz, this will account actual ample cone excursions with no aural output. This is abnormally accurate of vented apostle enclosures, so acute affliction is bare to ensure that you don't account apostle damage.

Audio Testing with Pink Noise Generator

2010-08-11T05:33:00.000-07:00

For audio testing, a blush babble antecedent is an invaluable tool. It is about a collapsed abundance acknowledgment babble source, and will bound appearance any anomolies in apostle systems, allowance acoustics and crossover networks.

Audio Testing with Pink Noise Generator

White babble (the complete you apprehend back a TV is acquainted to a non-existent station) has a abundance appropriate which raises the ability akin by 3dB with anniversary accretion octave, and is not adequate for acknowledgment testing (and will apparently draft your tweeters as well). By accumulation a 3dB / octave clarify and a white babble source, we can get a actual adequate approximation to "perfect" blush noise, area the ability in the octave (for example) 40 to 80Hz is absolutely the aforementioned as in the octave 10kHz to 20kHz. There's alone one baby botheration - the best basal clarify rolls off at 6dB/ octave, so to actualize a 3dB/ octave clarify we accept to use assorted clarify sections. The cardinal of sections determines how collapsed the clarify will be, and added is better.

Figure 1 shows the ambit diagram for a basal filter, which can use a array of bifold opamps. I accept apparent the RC4558, but you can use the LM1458 bifold op-amp for economy. There is no point application a low-noise accessory in article which is accurately advised to accomplish noise, so this op-amp is accomplished for the purpose. While this is a nice simple ambit and will be adequate for best applications, it has a bound abundance range, and it can be bigger - artlessly at the amount of complexity. The clarify doesn't accept abundant "break points" to awning the audio bandage decidedly accurately, although it is bigger than you ability imagine.

FREQUENCY AUDIO DIGITAL NOISE GENERATOR

2010-08-11T05:12:00.000-07:00

this is When you need to test an audio circuit with broadband noise, this circuit works great. It uses just three inexpensive C-MOS ICs that generate a series of output pulses whose widths vary randomly. I included a level control pot.see the picture below

Protection Circuit troubleshooting

2010-08-01T01:07:00.000-07:00

* NEW Aegis Ambit troubleshooting with 4 new alternate demos

* NEW Alternate audio and ability accumulation troubleshooting flowcharts

It contains...
* NEW Troubleshooting basics affiliate to advice those who are new to electronics including 5 new alternate demos (January 2006)

* NEW Aegis ambit troubleshooting with 4 new alternate demos

* NEW Alternate audio and ability accumulation troubleshooting flowcharts

* Audio troubleshooting basics with an angel or two of audio waveforms

* Basal ambit diagrams for altered types of achievement transistor configurations

* Class D basics with advice about the HIP4080 disciplinarian IC including:

o Pin out descriptions

o Typical ability accumulation configurations

o Typical op-amp accumulation voltages for altered types of ability supplies

o Drive achievement diagrams

* Suggestions for ambience up a lath for repairs

* Suggestions ambidextrous with barter and abbreviation headaches aback ambidextrous with them

* Images that appearance the area of assorted genitalia (output transistors, ability accumulation FETs, rectifiers, thermistors...) on assorted amplifiers.

* Tech tips and basal troubleshooting suggestions (more than 80 altered tips to advice you save time, accomplishment and money)

* Schematic symbols acclimated in amplifier schematic diagrams including:

o Resistors

o Potentiometers

o Diodes

o Bipolar Junction Transistors

o N-Channel Field Effect Transistors

o P-Channel Field Effect Transistors

o Junction Field Effect Transistors

* Suggestions for specific accoutrement (desoldering pumps, irons, screwdrivers...)

* Ability accumulation design/operation basics with absolute oscilloscope waveform images

* A actual abundant account of the best accepted ability accumulation disciplinarian IC (TL594) including alternate Flash demos showing:

o Comparators

o Error amp ascribe and asleep time control

o PWM comparator operation with 3 inputs (all interactive)

o PWM comparator operation with 4 inputs (all interactive)

o Lockout voltage and adjustment

* Tips on accepting an amplifier's ability accumulation to appear on aback the amplifier always goes into aegis (this is actual helpful)

* Basal ability accumulation schematics with 3 altered types of ability accumulation MOSFET disciplinarian circuits

* Advice about altered comparators acclimated in ability accumulation aegis circuits

* Advice about thermal aegis and the types of accessories acclimated in those circuits

* Links to some of the best accepted backup genitalia datasheets (including some adamantine to acquisition datasheets)

* Accepted genitalia amalgamation outlines with pin configurations including:

o TO-218 Transistors

o TO-220 Transistors

o TO-92 Transistors (both Japanese and American types)

o 14 Pin cloister op-amp

o 8 Pin bifold op-amp

o 9 Pin bifold op-amp with ability feed-through ambit

* Ambit lath blueprint advice including:

o Foil blueprint and basic orientation

o Silk awning definitions

* Internal block diagrams of the 2 best accepted op-amp configurations

* Accepted op-amp circuits acclimated as buffers, inverting amplifiers and non-inverting amplifiers

* Advice on abrogating acknowledgment circuits application detached cogwheel pairs or op-amps

* Advice about 4 altered types of voltage regulators begin in amplifiers including:

o Simple blow regulators

o Current addition blow regulators

o Fixed regulators

o Resistor-programmable regulators

* Basal description of 2 types of muting circuits

o Relay muting

o JFET muting

* Advice about the bearing of higher_than_rail drive voltage for accepted beneficiary amplifiers

* Notes on the accessories bare for repairs

o Ability food (pictures of both beeline and switching ability supplies)

o Dummy loads

o Voltmeters - The afterward DMMs are apparent on the tutorial.

+ Fluke 77

+ Fluke 79

+ Fluke 27

+ Fluke 11

+ Fluke 112

o Oscilloscopes:

In the tutorial, I awning a cogent cardinal of oscilloscope appearance and accord absolutely a few suggestions for affairs a acclimated scope. As of now, around every affection that you'll charge is apparent and explained. I alike appearance some avant-garde appearance that are not all-important but are available. Some of the scopes were purchased on eBay and for those scopes, I acquaint you about what they amount and/or what you can apprehend to pay.

* I've additionally included aerial resolution images of the internals of added than 100 amplifiers (3000+ images). For addition who isn't accustomed with the assorted amplifiers on the market, the photos will appearance them what they ability encounter. Abounding times I use them as a reference. If an amp has missing apparatus or apparatus that are austere above recognition, I can accredit aback to the photos to actuate what I charge to adjustment the amp. Alike if the exact amplifier that you charge isn't available, there may able-bodied be one that's agnate abundant to be of help. There are abounding amplifiers that use actual agnate circuits. Abounding times, the alone aberration is the way it's laid out on the board. The photos about accommodate one all-embracing angel of the amplifier. Then anniversary area (power accumulation drive, audio drive, preamp...) is photographed to acquiesce you to see the accomplished details. In general, the resolution is aerial abundant so that the ethics of tiny apparent arise apparatus (often alone 0.05" wide) can calmly be read.

The amount is $49.95 additional aircraft via USPS Priority mail ($8) aural the US or via Priority Mail International ($15) for those buyers alfresco of the US.. Since the boilerplate activity for adjustment is ~$40-$70, it will booty actual little time to compensate the amount of this tutorial

Amplifier repair troublesooter

2010-08-01T01:05:00.000-07:00

* There accept been abounding updates back September. Here are a few of the added important ones.

* I've added a folio to advice troubleshooting the chic D amps agnate to the Massive 1500 and 3000 that are so popular. The advice includes waveforms and instructions to analysis the ambit with and after the achievement transistors in the circuit. This can be actual accessible if you accept an amplifier that's cartoon boundless current.
* A new folio has been added that shows how to accomplish an bargain heater/pre-heater that can accomplish removing SMD electrolytic capacitors abundant easier and abate the adventitious of damaging the adhesive pads. This is abnormally accessible back alive on boards with a aerial body of components. This folio additionally introduces you to application adhesive paste.

* Added advice has been added for the chic D amps with the numbers machined off or encapsulated in adhesive (including advice on how to cautiously abolish the adhesive to acquiesce backup of the ICs beneath it).

* Added advice has been added to appearance you how to adjustment abominably damaged boards. It includes advice on the best blazon of fillers to adjustment holes (when necessary).

* A area has been added for rewinding transformers. Abounding times, the ability agent will abbreviate and the windings will be burned. Sometimes it's as simple as removing the old wire and re-winding it. Sometimes the amount is damaged and isn't usable. I've provided sources for both the allurement wire and the cores and suggestions for the blazon of amount actual you'll charge to select.

* Added advice on aegis ambit troubleshooting has been added. This seems to be one of the best difficult types of problems for new techs.

* Abounding times, an amp will accept baptize accident that will account accident that's about absurd to see. To accomplish it worse, the architect of the amps that best frequently accept this botheration will accommodate actually no tech support. A area has been added to acquaint you what to attending for. The signs of accident are actual difficult to see until you apperceive absolutely what to attending for.

* Abounding amps accept terminal blocks that can't be readily soldered. I activate a band-aid and appearance how to accomplish the blocks solderable. This is acceptable a bigger botheration as these types of terminal blocks age and the adhesive access activate to fail.

* Added than 800 files accept been adapted back September. Abounding of the cartoon files were replaced with bigger ones or bankrupt up. Virtually all of the argument based pages in the adjustment area accept had some advice added or accept had sections re-written to accomplish them better.

September, 2008 -- Updated!

* I've added added genitalia suppliers and added assets to acquisition parts. This helps save time back attractive for backup parts.

* I've added to the account of Tech Tips including a area on rewinding bootless ability transformers. It includes sources for the wire and cores. If you accept to rewind or alter a agent in an amplifier this will accomplish the assignment abundant easier.

* I've broadcast the folio committed to terminal blocks. Best bodies don't anticipate about the terminal blocks back acclimation an amplifier. Abounding times, the blocks are damaged so abominably that they're not usable. Best are not accessible from the manufacturer. If you adjustment an amp with damaged terminal blocks (something that's not consistently obvious) and you don't accept the ability to adjustment the blocks, you've ashen your time acclimation the cyberbanking faults in the amplifier. Of course, I've added new amps with the spiral sizes. Some of the added improvements are bigger cartoon and added abundant advice about accepting backup screws.

* I've broadcast the area that shows you how to aftermath reliable aliment on abominably damaged ambit boards. If you assignment on old academy amplifiers, this advice can advice you accomplish aliment that will be actual reliable.

* To accomplish troubleshooting easier, added advice assuming the voltages on the pins of assorted ICs accept been added. This allows you to affirm that the voltages in the amps are as they should be. This is article that will consistently broadcast in the future.

* Even added advice has been added for chic D amplifiers. As always, I try to accumulate the advice as up to date as possible. This advice pertains to abounding of the amplifiers that use the audio disciplinarian boards with the defaced disciplinarian ICs.

* Back March, added than 100 pages accept been adapted in some way. Added than 300 cartoon files accept been added, replaced or bigger in some way.

Tips Amplifier Repair Tutorial

2010-08-01T01:02:00.000-07:00

The advice independent in this tutorial is from 20+ years of acquaintance alive on amplifiers such as those from Rockford, Sony, Autotek, Coustic, Planet Audio, Kenwood, Pioneer, JVC and aloof about any added cast awash in the US. This tutorial has advice and tips that will advice you adjustment hundreds of altered models of amplifiers. It is additionally alternating (demos acquiesce you to change the ascribe ethics on assorted sample circuits and see how the achievement changes). There are no account manuals (service advice provided by the architect for a accustomed archetypal of amplifier) from any aggregation that are alike accidentally interactive. Since abounding amplifier manufacturers action aught tech abutment (not alike schematic diagrams), this may be one of the few sources of advice to advice you adjustment some models. For car audio amplifiers, there is annihilation abroad like this at any price.
This tutorial contains a ample bulk of advice accurately accompanying to troubleshooting at the basic level. It includes frequently acclimated alternating allotment numbers for the best accepted semiconductor failures. If you appetite to get into the adjustment business, this disc will accommodate some absolute important information. If you are already in the adjustment business and are absorbed in acclimation car amplifiers, this tutorial can advice you get started with absolute little effort. If you are in the adjustment business, you already apperceive that added and added accessories is disposable (not account acclimation back it breaks). Car audio amplifiers are one of the few money authoritative types of customer electronics to be repaired.

A agenda about updates:

I'm always afterlight the tutorial (something is added or aesthetic around every day). Abounding times, it's aloof a few addendum or new images. Added updates accommodate absolutely new chapters. The discs are not austere until needed. Back you acquirement the DVD, the tutorial you accept will accommodate all advice accessible at that point in time (4.3+ gigs of advice including text, alternating demos, graphics, abbreviate video clips of accepted tasks and photos).

July, 2010 -- Updated!

* Again, there accept been lots of accessory updates and improvements. Additional advice has been added to abounding of the pages. Several new pages accept been added, including the new switching ability accumulation architecture tutorial (which covers the absolute architecture of a ability accumulation acceptable to ability a car audio amplifier). Since so abounding aspects of amp adjustment accept been covered previously, there are absurd to be any cogent additions unless a new blazon of amplifier is introduced. Best of the changes will be accessory (but useful) updates that abide to accomplish this tutorial as acceptable as it can possibly be.

Car Audio Power Amplifiers

2010-08-01T01:00:00.000-07:00

The advice provided in this tutorial will advice you to abstain authoritative the best accepted mistakes and will abundantly access your affairs of success. As you apprehend through this page, you'll apprehend that the new amps are abundant added circuitous and abundant added difficult to adjustment than the old academy Rockford and Orion amps that started the car audio revolution. This tutorial makes accepting started abundant easier.

The advice begins at the best basal level. There are suggestions for the types of amps you should alpha with and those to abstain until you accept a bit added experience. For amplifiers with accepted problems, you are told what to attending for and how to actual the botheration so that the amp is added reliable than back it formed off of the accumulation line. Of course, the advice goes able-bodied above the basics. For those who are at a added avant-garde level, advice and suggestions are provided for some of the better amplifiers currently on the market. Although this activity began added than 5 years ago, the advice covers abounding of the amps that are currently on the market. The advice is always actuality adapted to assure that the advice continues to be both advantageous and relevant.

After the purchase, I will acquiescently accommodate abutment (via email) for amplifiers with which I'm familiar. If you charge advice with an amplifier archetypal that I've never had on the bench, I'll accommodate suggestions to advice you through the troubleshooting process. I'm about accessible added than 12 hours a day. I additionally advice those who haven't purchased the tutorial. If you accept a catechism about a repair, feel chargeless to email me. If you haven't apparent it yet, I accept a basal adjustment advice folio on my car audio site. THIS is a absolute articulation to the page.

To the fathers who are absorbed in car audio electronics and are disturbing to get their sons abroad from video games, this may be article that both of you can be absorbed in (especially if they're aloof accepting a car).

If you're absorbed in what buyers anticipate about the tutorial, apprehend their eBay acknowledgment HERE.

For those who begin this folio from a Google chase and are not accustomed with my web sites, you can appointment them by beat the links below.

ANALYSE FBT(PLYBACK) ERROR TV GUIDE

2010-07-12T08:38:00.000-07:00

as a DC power who smber where the voltage value berfariasi mpy y-coil voltage 115v else went out tgangan 180v to RGB vertical Combination-24V to-33v-12vke tuner to VT.voltase voltage, the output to the ABL,, 5V AC to vilamen CRT - 23 kv to VR VOKUS, SCREEN, TR horizontal collectors.

ANALYSE KERUSAKAN PD TR/IC RGB

2010-07-12T08:37:00.000-07:00

The images appear normal-TPI-white line appears krg LBH 1m - measuring voltage B +180 TR bound to the collector through R, 10K-15K-12k-2WATT-wrn wrn sometimes blur mncl red-green-blue., sometimes PD Combination There RGB 3VR +2 Vr for drivers

KERUSAKAN PD ìC CHROMA VIDEO TV

2010-07-12T08:35:00.000-07:00

resolve tv repairing ic chrome video tv ,Tgn-measure (B +)-measuring the voltage B + pda RGB out masing2 vr-measure, whether or not to replace Elko

Car Amplifier Schematic

2010-05-09T19:07:00.000-07:00

The design of Car Amplifier Schematic is made by Mr. T.Giesberts. The article consist of 13 pages. If you read them till finish, you will be able to make yourself car amplifier.This Project is “Car amplifier” and its basic parts- SMPS, Amplifier, Preamplifier and Protection circuit witch are based on originally schematic from service manual of Kenwood Auto amplifier KAC-716.

I've work on this project about five mounts and it WORKS.

From originally schematic of KAC-716, I have produced PCB’s separately for SMPS, Amplifier, Preamplifier and Protection sow it can be develop extremely effortless.

All electronics capacitor from Amplifier, Preamplifier and Protection are 50 volts range. Input capacitors 2x 3300uf/16volts and output capacitors 2x2200uf/50volts and additionally 2x1500uf/50volts need to have 105 C temperature ranges.

All documents are in PDF format and JPEG. The PCB’s are in original sizes.

The SMPS isn't regulated so the output voltage will depend on turns ratio in ferrite core. I used 2 x 4 turn’s primary wire and for second it depends of why high will likely be the output voltage.

By choosing a appropriate resistance for resistor R222/1W connected with pin 6 of UPC1237 we should set up maximum current of 80mA. The valley of R222 depends of internal resistance of relay and supply. For much better calculation download the datasheet for UPC1237 form Internet-Read the note for utilizing UPC1237 and you are able to recognize what kind of other protections are given from this IC’s and employed in this style.

Car Power Amplifier Scheme

2010-05-09T19:03:00.000-07:00

THE DESIGN OF CAR POWER AMPLIFIER

There are many designs of good amplifier published, solid state (SS) or tube designs. But few have written the design of car power amplifierActually the difficulty of designing the car power amplifier does not lies with the audio power amplifier, but it is more to providing the switching power supply.As we knows, the output power of any audio power amplifier is approached by formula :

P = Vpp2/(8*Rl)

where Vpp= peak to peak supply voltage, Rl is the speaker impedance load. For car voltage of 12Vdc, if we connect it to 4 Ohm speakers we will only have power of 144/32 = 4,5 Watt.Bridging the amplifier will double the power, but will never be more than 40 W.

If we want to make more powerful amplifier, lets say 170 watt at 4 ohm speaker load, we will need supply voltage of 74Vpp, or +/- 37 Vdc. The way to have this voltage from car supply of 12VDC is to make DC-DC converter.

In this article, I will discussed the car power amplifier in 3 steps :

1. The design of audio power amplifier

2. The design of DC-DC converter

3. Miscellenous tips for making car power amplifier.

1. THE DESIGN OF AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER

In fig1 we can see that audio power amplifier can be splitted into 3 main functions, that is:

- First stage / input stage

- Second stage / voltage amplifier stage

- Third stage / output stage

First stage is the stage that receives the input audio signal and Negative Feedback (NFB) signal from the output of the amp. Feedback is the back signal used to stabilized the audio amplifier, like the gain factor. For first stage built by discrete transistors, both signals is fed to basis of the transistor, like in fig1. Both basis of the transistors is the Non- Inverting input and Inverting Input, like those in the op-amp.Second stage is the stage that responsibles for the Voltage Gain in the power amplifier.

Third stage is the Current Gain.

We can explain those stages in a simple way like this : Input signal, like from car radio or CD player have low voltage, about 1Vpp with few milliampere current. To produce power of 170 Watt at 4 ohm speaker load, than the signal has to have maginitude of 28Vpp and current of 6.5A (from the equation of P=I2*R = V2/R)

The first stage receives this signal in the non-inverting input and the inverting input receives NFB signal to make sure the voltage gain that the amplifier produces has a constant number, lets say 28 x. The output signal from the first stage has not reach 28Vpp, it tends to have the magnitude similiar to the input voltage. Second stage amplifies the voltage that the first stage generates. Second stage will amplifies the voltage to produce a signal that is enlarge 28x for the amplifier to have a 28Vpp signal from 1Vpp signal, but this 28Vpp signal still have small current , only a few mA and cannot drive the speaker load. The third stage amplifies the current from few mA to 6.5 A.

Offcourse the explenation for three stages above is not that simple in the real amplifier. We should take the nature's law for a transistor gain, that is G=RC/RE. This principles must be applied in each transistor in those 3 amplifier stages.

FIRST STAGE

First stage designs have main component, that is Constant Current Source (CCS) which can be seen in fig2. One of the basic of electronic law that works on every circuit is that the voltage drop of Basis and Emitor (Vbe) equals the drop voltage of one dioda = 0.67V. It can be seen in fig2 that the voltage drop of 2 dioda IN4148 = 2 x 0.67V = 1,34V. We can see in RE and Q1, then V=0,67 is substracted by Vbe of Q1 and the other 0,67V will be the drop of RE. So we will have a Constant Current Source of 0,67/RE. In fig2 the Ic is = 4,4mA. CCS first stage varies between 1-4mA.

In fig1 first stage, each component will be explained like this:

- R1 is the impedance of the audio amplifier, the range is 10 Kohm – 47Kohm

- C1 is the highpass filter from the equation : Fhp = 1/(2 x pi x R1 x C1)

- RED1 and RED2 is between 50-150 ohm

- RM1 and RM2 is picked up so the voltage drop will be 50mV – 150mV

- Q3 and Q4 is the Current Mirror that ensures the current in RM1 and RM2 will have the same magnitude.

- RF and CF will be discussed later.

Before we discuss Second Stage and Third stage, first we will discuss the amplifying effect of a transistor. In fig3a we will see a circuit of Common Emitor Mode (CEM). This circuit will amplifies the voltage. In fig3b we see a Common Colector Mode (CCM). This circuit is the current amplifier without voltage amplifier. So if we want to amplifies voltage we use CEM circuit and to amplifies current we use CCM circuit.

SECOND STAGE

The Second stage responsibles for all voltage gain (Maximum Voltage Swing) in an audio power amplifier. This is why the Second stage is generally known as VAS or Voltage Amplifier Stage. This stage consist of a voltage amplifier/CEM transistor(Q5 in fig1) in the bottom, Constant Current Source in the top, and a bias control circuit in the middle. Second stage CCS has current magnitude between 4-8mA

In the second stage there is an important capacitor for an audio power amplifier , that is Miller Capacitor (CC in fig1). CC defines the pole of the frequency response for an audio amplifier and the magnitude usually in small order (severalpF).

Bias control circuit consist of a transistor, resistor and a VR like in fig5. This circuit uses a transistor that is placed in the heatsink, because the transistor have good heat compensation factor (for bipolar transistors). For the amplifier that uses mosfet transistor for the final device, the bias circuit only needs potentio or dioda only because mosfets have different heat characteristic than bipolar transistors. The bias voltage magnitude depends on the type of the third stage used, which will be discussed later.

THIRD STAGE

Third stage / Output Stage is the current amplifier. Third stage and the bias circuit will defines whether an amplifier works in class A, class AB or class B.

It can be said that almost 90 % of car audio power amplifier works in class B. Operation in class B does not mean that the sound produced is not good or corrupted. With good design, we will have good audio results, both from class A or class B. The choice of class B in car audio power amplifier is conected to efficiency and the heat generated. Heat generated is a very important factor, because if not considered carefully, it will lead to amplifier breakdown.

Many configurations of the output stage can be seen in fig4. Each configuration has different optimum bias voltage. It depends on how many Vbe's that have to be passed. Example : In fig4(a) the signal has to pass 4 Vbe's, which is Vbe Q1, Q3, Q4 and Q2. So the optimum bias = 4 x 0.67V = 2.8V.

Both 3 stages that we have discussed above, if we connect the together will be a circuit that can be seen in fig5. Parts of this circuit can be explained like this:

- The value of Negative Feedback (NFB) resistor is determined by determining the gain factor with the equation : Gain = 1+(R10/R8) = 1+10k/500 = 21 x. The value of R10 = value of R1 to balance input. R20 and C7 are the pole and slope compensator.

- C2 limits the DC gain factor, value ranging from 47-220 uF, usually using a nonpolar capacitor.

- R21, R22 and C11 will stabilize CCS. Here we use CCS with 2 transistor system,but the equation used still the same, that is Ic = 0,67/RE .

- The output of differential pair tapped from collector of T10 and send to VAS which is built by T12 and T4. This configuration is called Darlington VAS and the value of R8 is standard.

- C3 is the Miller capacitor with value of 100pF.

- C5 is called Speed Up Capacitor. Several designs do not use this capacitor

- R18, C6,L1 and R19 are output power stabilisator. If there is any oscilation occur in the audio power amplifier, the first tobe effected is R18 besides the final transistors.

Car Power amplifier usually loaded by low impedance speakers, usually 4 ohms and can reach ½ ohm on bridge mode. Here we know the term “High Current Amplifier”. The difference is the number of final transistors, or in fig5 it is the number of pairs of T7 and T8. As a rule of thumb, the number of transistor needed first has tobe calculated by equations above, and then we determine the number of final transistor needed with assumption that 1 transistor can handle 50 Watt output. A pair of bipolar transistor can handle 100 Watt. The power is raised by parrarelling several output transistors, so the currrent flowing will be larger. For large number of final transistors, we change the predriver stage with darlington configuration.

Several designs uses symetrical design, like those used in AXL and Crescendo schematic. this design is developed from the basic principal above, but the signal handling for + and - part is handled by complementary circuits.

I have an example about another kind of power amplifier, that is a non-feedback amplifier. You can view the principles of the "millenium power amplifier" in the www.lcaudio.com . This amplifier has a certain gain factor in first and second stage, while the third stage is only current amplifier.

2.THE DESIGN OF DC-DC CONVERTER

For building car power amplifier, we need symmetrical power supply (+, 0, -) by building DC-DC converter. The converter system discussed below will be the SMPS(Switch Mode Power Supply) type PWM (Pulse Width Modulation). This system will deliver stable output voltage, regardless of the input voltage (usually the car electrical system will range in 9-15Vdc).

To explain the SMPS type PWM, it can be analogued by the next example. Look at fig6. There is a voltage pulse V1 on-off with 50% wide. These pulses if passed through suitable L and C filter will be transformated into straight voltage of V2 which is V2 = ½ V1. (noticed the marked area below pulsed V1 is the same total area of the marked straight V2 ). With the same logic, if the pulse width of V1 is narrowed, we will have a lower V2 and if we enlarge the width of V1 pulse, we will have higher V2. Some may ask, how can we get 30VDC from the car's 12VDC? The answer is simple. If we get the V1 voltage to 60VDC, then in the 50% duty cycle, we will get 30VDC straight. This is the part where the power switching transformer takes control, to make the 60VDC from 12VDC, and then chopped by the PWM. This is the princip of PWM. (Like the principal of class D digital power amplifier). In this design, we use regulating PWM IC's, like TL494, TL594, SG3524, SG3525. These IC's will compare the output of DC-DC converter with a reference voltage. If the output of DC-DC converter is smaller than reference voltage, then the IC will enlarge the pulse width so the voltage will raise equally to to reach determined voltage. So as if the output of DC-DC converter is higher than the reference voltage, the IC will narrow the pulse width so the output voltage will be lowered to the determined voltage.

Generally SMPS used in car audio amplifier is the push-pull system with switching frequency between 20-70Khz. In push pull sytem like in fig7, Q1 and Q2 gives alternating switched current pulses so the transformator will be objected to maximum flux swing change without saturating the core.

In this design we will use PWM IC with SG3524 from SGS Thompson. Specifications can be seen in SGS Thompson's website. Fig8 shows the configuration of 16 pins on this IC. To make is simpler, lets design a SMPS by explaining the function of each pin.

For the stereo power amplifier in fig5, we will need a SMPS 12Vdc input and summetrical output of +/- 37Vdc with 8A rating.

1. First we make the Remote Turn On circuit , which is connected from the car radio / CD player. The circuit can be seen in fig9a. This circuit will turn on the SMPS by giving 12Vdc to pin 12, pin 13 and pin 15.

2. The SMPS switching frequency is determined 50Khz. For this, the clock inside IC SG3524 is adjusted 2 x 50 Khz = 100Khz. This clock is built up by pin 7(Ct) and pin 6(Rt). The approach can be done with equation Fclk = 1 /(Rt x Ct). Here we use Ct = 1nF and Rt = 10Kohm like in fig9b

3. Pin 2(Non Inv In). In pin 2 we put stable reverence output for the SMPS. Here we use reference voltage of ½ from reference pin 16.

4. Pin 1(Inv In) is the output voltage detector . Pin 1 is connected to the optoisolator type 4N35 like in fig9b. Optoisolator is an important component in making this SMPS so we can have Floating Secondary Ground which will prevent noises (especially whine/storing) if the power amplifier is placed in car. The value of zener diode is 2 x 37V = 74V. If it is difficult to have zener voltage of 74 V, then we can series several zener values until we have total of 74 V.

5. Pin (4) and pin(5) are not used and connected to ground, pin(8) and pin(10) connected directly with ground.

6. Pin no 9(Comp) determines slope and pole of feedback from the whole SMPS system. In this design we use only 1 capacitor of 100nF.

7. Pin no 16(Vref) gives reverence voltage of 5,1 Vdc . This pin is placed with 10nF as a voltage stabilisator.

8. The output ripple (Vr) of the SMPS is determined by equation :

Vr = 8 x 10-6 x I / Co. With I = 8A and Vr = 0,029V we will have Co of 2.200uF in +37Vdc ->-37Vdc rail or 4400uF each in +37Vdc_0 and 4.400uF in 0_-37Vdc.

9. For output filter capacitor of 2.200uF, we will need approximately 4x 2.200uF or 8.800uF in the SMPS's input 12Vdc . The larger the value of this capacitor, more energy stored for the SMPS.

10. Output filter inductor Lo is determine by : Lo = 0,5 x Vout/ (I x F). With Vout = 2 x 37V = 74V, I = 8A dan F = 50Khz, we will have Lo = 0,092mH or Lo = 0,046mH on each supply rail + and – 37Vdc.

11. Pin 11 and pin 14 are output pins that will drive the primary winding switching mosfets. Inside IC SG3524 both pins have already opereated in mode push-pull. The circuit for driving power mosfets can be seen in fig9b. The number of power mosfet used is 3 in each transformator primary. So total there is 6 power mosfets type BUZ11.

12. Transformator(trafo) for SMPS is selfwould from ferrite toroidal core (like donuts) like in fig10. It is very important that for SMPS frequency above 20Khz, we cannot use iron core transformator like we use in homes. The ferite core transformator will have black color like in the speaker magnets, but do not have magnetizing force. The basic of equation for switching power supply with 12Vdc input is:

(1) Np = 1,37 x 105 / (F x Ae), where Np= primary number of turns, F = switching frequency, Ae = X x Y = window area of ferrite in cm2. Look at fig10. To make it easy to wound the transformator, we will have to choose the toroid core with minimal diameter of 2,5 cm and window area minimal of 0.75cm2.This is necessary for the easyness of self handwound. Remember that in push-pull system there is 2 primary windings.

(2) Ns/Np = Vo/8,8, where Ns = secondary number of turns, Vo = secondary output voltage

(3) Ap = 0,004 x Vo x Io, where Ap = window area of primary wire in mm2, Vo = output voltage, Io = output current.

(4) As = 0,13 x Io, where As = window area of secondary wire in mm2.

Example : If we use toroidal ferrite core with window area of Ae = 1 cm2. then from equation no. 1 we will have number of primary turn Np = 1,37 x 105 / (50Khz x 1 cm2) = 2,74 turns. In practice, number of minimal primary turns is 4 so the primary will cover the whole toroidal core. So we use 4 turns for Q1 and 4 turns for Q2.

From equation (2) we have that Ns/Np = 37/8.8 = 4,2. From here we can calculate that the number of secondary windings is = Np x Np/Ns = 4 x 4,2 = 16,8 or 17 windings. Like the primary, in secondary we use 2 x 17 turns, that is 17 turns for +37V –> 0 and 17 turns for 0-> -37V

Equation (3) is used tp determine the number of primary winding wires. We have Ap = 0,004 x 74 x 8 = 2,36mm2. If we use a 1mm diameter magnet wire, we will have window area of 0,785mm2 so we will need 3 wire magnets for each primary windings

Equation (4) is used to determine the number of wire needed for secondary windings. We have As = 0,13 x 8 = 1mm2 So if we use wire magnet with diameter of 0,8mm(window area = 0, 5mm2), then we will need 2 wires with diameter 0,8mm for each secondary windings.

13. The secondary output voltage is rectified by full bridge configuration like in fig11. Bridging diode must be the type of fast rectifier, usually looks like transistor TO220 with plate heatsink. For SMPS we cannot use ordinary 50/60Hz rectifier diode. For this design we use diode type BYW29-150, which have rating of 8A, 150V. We can also use other diodes like with prefixes FE…,MUR..., as long as it is a fast rectifier diode with minimal specification like above.

via valveaudio

Power Acoustik PCX-30F

2010-05-09T19:00:00.000-07:00

This is Power Acoustik PCX-30F

30.0 Farad hybrid digital power capacitor
24V DC foil-carbon internal capacitor
Digital blue voltage display
Tinted plexiglas with blue LED lights inside for viewing
Electronics polarity circuit
Over voltage protection circuit
Platinum plated ring terminals
Satin finish with chrome end caps and mounting brackets
Authorized Internet Dealer
1-year Manufacturer's warranty
Product Summary
Manufacturer: Power Acoustik
Model number: PCX-30F
UPC: 709483028005
Weight: 7.00 lbs
Internal SKU: pcx30f
Internal Product ID: 12024

Power Acoustik PCX-30F

Drive 4 hours without an alternator

2010-05-09T18:55:00.001-07:00

some told methat he can drive 4 hours without an alternator, is it possible

Id also go with no...but who knows Ive driven only 30 miles with no alternator...didnt seem to do the battery real harm but I remember when I was trying to trace the reason why my alternator wasnt charging the battery when I shorted the terminals I turned my car on and off about 8 times and left it running for more than 45 mins with only a .5 voltage drop amps unhooked...and idling all for about 4 mins..

Capacitor for DSC1500.1D

2010-05-09T18:52:00.000-07:00

Shunt compensators for harmonic compensation, load balancing and power factor correction have been proposed within the literature. The compensator consists of a VSI operated as a present source using hysteresis band current control. Numerous methods for generation of reference compensator currents have been used, e.g. the theory of instantaneous symmetrical components, instantaneous pq theory, etc. A considerable problem in these compensators that has two or much more capacitors is the capacitor voltage unbalance and drift because of the DC component of the current inside the neutral path. This degrades the tracking performance of the VSI and should be corrected. The paper describes an inverter chopper configuration and the various control methods to regulate the capacitor voltages to a reference value. The operation of the program has been verified via simulation of a 440 V, 3-phase program supplying unbalanced 3-phase R-L load and 3-phase half wave rectifiers. Detailed simulation outcomes utilizing MATLAB have been given

12 volt to 12, 15, 18, 21, or 24 DC DC Adjustable DC DC regulator

2010-05-09T18:48:00.000-07:00

12 volt to 12, 15, 18, 21, or 24 DC DC Boost Converter (Adjustable DC DC regulator) Price $19.95 each.
PST-DC2171 1-10 11-50 51-100 100+
Price $19.95

$16.50
$13.40
call
Model Number PST-DC2171 DC DC Converter
Input Voltage Range 10 VDC to 14 VDC (see chart below)
Peak Output Power 50 Watts (see chart below)
Peak Output Current 2.5 Amps
Output Voltage Nominal Adjustable 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 Volts DC
Output Voltage Typical See chart below
No-Load Overhead 15 mA
Dimensions 122 x 76 x 60 mm
Fuse 10A fuse in cigarette lighter plug
Input cord 8 inch zip cord with cigarette lighter plug
Output cord 6 foot zip cord with 6 interchangeable adapters
Weight
Agency Approvals CE e4 approved

Test Data
Voltage Setting Typical
Voltage Used on Equipment Requiring* Minimum
Input V Maximum Input Voltage for regulation Maximum
Output A Efficiency
at 2.5 Amps,
12 Volts Input Line
Regulation at 1 Amp Load
Regulation
at 12 V input No-Load
Overhead
at 12 V input
12 Volts 12.5 V 4.5 volts 10.5 volts 2.5 Amps
15 Volts 15.5 V 4.5 volts 16 volts 2.5 Amps
18 Volts 18.5 V 4.5 volts 19.3 volts 2.5 Amps
21 Volts 21.7 4.5 volts 21.6 volts 2.5 Amps
24 Volts 23.1 - 24.3 V 4.5 volts 24.8 volts 2.5 Amps

12volt to 16volt car adaptor scheme

2010-05-09T18:46:00.000-07:00

the shema of 12volt to 16volt car adaptor scheme A 16 volt battery system requires a charging system that exceeds 18 volts 18+ volts will start frying most automotive electrical components

Most 16 volt systems are separated or isolated from the vehicles electrical systems

Turbo start use to make a 16 volt battery with 12 volt output post for the vehicles system

I’m nor aware of another battery with this 12 volt output.

A 16+ volt system is a expensive project; over 1,000.00

Rangkian Robot Line Follower Sederhana

2010-05-09T17:19:00.000-07:00

line follower robots are robots that can move to follow the line in the AUTO In fact, if readers are googling, lots of tutorials to make robots line follower on the internet, but almost all of them complicated and use a microcontroller that has not been understood by the boys' high school is much comment in my previous posting. .. Below are examples of line follower robot.

Rangkian Robot Line Follower Sederhana

Rangkaian OpAmp (Operasional Amplifier)

2010-05-09T17:03:00.000-07:00

Connect the battery or adapter with this audio mixer circuit. Enter Casset deck, or microphone output at input A1. Slowly rotate P1 toward maximum until the loudest sound was obtained but not broken. After that turn slowly toward a maximum until P4 obtained loudest sound but not broken. The same process performed on the input A2, A3.

Do not forget the time adjustment of S123 in the open position (ON position). After adjustment is complete, do not be amended again except P456 P123 that serves as a volume.

This audio mixer output can be connected to other recording media such as tape recorders, Cassette recorders, computers and much more. In addition, with the two LM 3900 you can have 6 channel audio mixer. Enough to build a simple studio and receive orders.

Bagan elektronika Opamp

Skema Rangkaian Adaptor

2010-05-09T16:51:00.000-07:00

Fig circuit above can be applied to create an adapter or power suplly with the output voltage (V DC 12V output). Power supply above will only be protected by a capacitor as a safety when the power supply is connected with the burden on the circuit. Therefore recommended to use 35V capacitor with a minimum specification. To power the power supply more security we can menggunakkan TIP transistors, but I have yet to discuss it. For the diode bridge can be collated from four diodes then you solder into a bridge rectifier or you can buy a comb-shaped bridge rectifier (sideways) or the box. At least I would suggest using the diode bridge 1 Ampere, in a series adapter, the bigger the better way ampere diode currents in the circuit. Diodes like highways, and flow as the car passed. The larger and the width of existing highways, the faster the flow of runs and through the circuit.

For the 5 V power supply circuit, you can replace the above-volt regulator with the type 7805 and 7905. This application applies equally in this circuit. For variations, such as fuse or circuit switch on / off you can try yourself.

Skema Rangkaian Adaptor

Rangkaian Penguat Inverting

2010-05-09T16:44:00.000-07:00

There are two types of amplifier circuit that we often hear that the amplifier inverting (flipping) and Non-inverting (no reverse). For the circuit above is the type of inverting amplifier circuit. The above amplifier circuit using the IC which is often used and easy to find the op-amp IC LM741. To more easily understand the working principle of this amplifier circuit is deliberately examplize circuit is quite simple. Because by being able to understand the working principle of this circuit you will be able to easily understand the development of a series of Op-Amp rangakaian this as ADC (Analog to Digital Converter), DAC (Digital to Analog Converter), summing (sum) and others.

In the circuit on the input signals to be strengthened is one volt AC signal with a frequency of 1 Hz. The amount of amplified gain is divided by the input resistance of strengthening prisoners-R5 / R4 = -30/10 = -3. To determine the voltage gain of the output is x Vin = -3 x 1 volt = -3 volts. The minus sign shows the opposite phase with the input signal. This means that if the input signal is positive, the output signal will negatiif and if the input signal the output signal is negative then positive. For details try to notice the picture above input and output signals. The input signal is red and blue output signals. Vertical lines indicate the voltage and the horizontal line indicates the time. Signal input voltage 1 volt at the position (Vpuncak = 1V2 volts) and the output voltage is 3 volts (Vpuncak = 3V2 volts) are consistent with the strengthening of which is 3 times larger than the input signal.

Rangkaian Penguat Inverting Gambar

Rangkaian Sensor Cahaya Dengan LDR

2010-05-09T16:40:00.000-07:00

Light sensor circuit according to me is a series of sensors are the easiest and most often used as an experiment. Because with a little can make a component of this series, and its components easily available in the market. As with other series switching transistor circuit above also apply the basic principles of the saturated and cutoff transistors. To obtain a more accurate circuit and perfect could be using IC op-Amp.

In the above picture there are two conditions that the application of the light sensor when the bright lights and the lights on when dark. It should be understood from the above series is how we position the amount of current that will be received by the base of the transistor by utilizing the VR (variable resistor) as a determinant.

Rangkaian Sensor Cahaya Dengan LDR

Rangkaian Resonansi LC Gambar

2010-05-09T16:20:00.000-07:00

Note the picture Below, when the switch SW1 is pressed and released back then obtained by the same signal as the signal in the image above. Initially when SW1 is connected with the supply voltage, the capacitor will charge quickly. Then when SW1 is released charge on the capacitor will be used by the inductor as the supply voltage. In accordance with the general nature of the inductor that the DC signal will be considered ordinary wire inductor such that current flowing through the inductor and fast charge on the capacitor decreases rapidly running out. Uniquely currents were flowing through the inductor and capacitor will fill the empty capacitor back through the other terminal (negative cycle). Kapasior rapid filling, then return to inductor will burden the load discharge occurs again. That so happens repeatedly (resonance occurs between L and C) until the electrical charge was used up by these two components in power losses. Equations between regular wire inductor is the inductor with wire work as usual at the time of her current flows in the same direction. Inductor, wire But unlike ordinary moment in an alternating current flows back to him. So it will not happen short circuit if the inductor to get the supply voltage alternating current (AC). But in ordinary wire short circuit will still occur even if the voltage is alternating current.

Rangkaian Resonansi LC Gambar

RANGKAIAN FREKUENSI METER

2010-05-09T16:15:00.000-07:00

How Principle circuit Frequency Estimator work

Workings of frequency above the measuring circuit is actually very easy to understand. You should not be fooled by the number of components used. Circuit above looks more crowded because of the support series for seven segment display and a timer or a monostable circuit. The above series of works that deliberately use a timer set for the time period 1 (one) second. While the number of frequencies used to calculate the positive cycle of input signal itself. Where the input signal is used as a clock counter circuit. Then a second timer signal from the monostable circuit logic is then multiplied by the input signal using an AND gate. So that when the signal from the monostable logic high for one second, then the input clock counter circuits will get the same logic as in the measurement input signal. But after one second signal from the monostable will be worth 0 volts so that the frequency calculation is stopped.

Frequency counter circuit above is an example of a very simple and is applicable to the measurement signals that have a 3-volt voltage to 9 volts. While for the voltage measurement is less than 3 volts will be read by a logic AND gate as low despite the swing signals. Then the voltage is too large will also be able to cause damage to the circuit.

Control Of An Electric Circuit

2010-04-19T06:59:00.001-07:00

Hello brother , welcome and thanks for visiting the site if this is your first visit you can bookmark using ctrl+d to remember our site. This time I want to post about freebies, and if you looking for Control Of An Electric Circuit you can download it for free using the Control Of An Electric Circuit

Loco2000. Technical Characteristics

2010-04-19T06:14:00.001-07:00

Keywords

Locomotive characteristics, Command systems, Control systems, European railways.

The paper show the function parameters of locomotive components “Loco 2000”, putting accent from their maximal values; the mode who works the force circuit, insisting of modulation technique necessary to obtain a high power factor and to eliminate harmonics. Is described the mode in who are realized the speed regulation and the afferent exploitation data. In the ultimate part of work is presenting the operation mode of the command-control MICAS-S2 system, the different commands imposed to others components (of the force circuit) and, in finale, the three diagnostic levels putting in service in case of troubles in system.Read more on http://lejpt.academicdirect.org/A01/53_60.htm

RUP-33 Radio Unit

2010-04-19T06:13:00.001-07:00

Tactical VHF radio unit was manufactured in "RIZ Zagreb" factory (ex Yugoslavia) in 1978. and was a completely new solution in relation to the Radio set RUP-3. Also as RUP-3 has frekvency range from 52MHz to 59.95 MHz frequency modulation FM, but had direct frequency synthesizer and channel was choseing with three selectors. Transmitter output power is the same - 0.3 W. It is powered by two 8.4 VDC 500 mAh rechargeable NiCd batteries type 7ACH-1, produced in the factory "Krusik" - Valjevo (ex Yugoslavia), or in the far needy 4 of the 4.5 VDC batteryRUP-33.

In the development of applied technology printed circuits, MOSFET transistors and integrated circuits. In the receiving part intermediate frequency amplifier there is a crystal filter Institute Mihajilo Pupin (ex Yugoslavia), which increased sensitivity and resistance to interference device. Set of the device consisted: tranceiver, rod antenna type AT-11, handset type MK-2A, sources of electrical energy, bag and belt for carrying.

Technical Specification: Frequency Range: 52 - 59.95 MHz, Output Power: 0.3 W; Modes of Operation: FM; Power Requirements: two 8.4 VDC 500 mAh NiCd batteries;

amplifier Telos 250 help your speakers produce roof shattering sounds

2010-04-18T11:03:00.000-07:00

It is every music lovers dream to accept those cool alarming speakers that can aftermath apple ballyhoo sounds. Goldmund has through the years provided us with amplifiers that advice us accomplish those sky aerial decibels. It has afresh appear up with amplifiers to beef your speakers.

The Goldmund Telos 250 is one beggarly machine! This new address amplifier replaces the Telos 200, incase it wasn’t acceptable abundant for you. Telos 250 appearance a beyond anatomy able with bigger automated grounding. Making acceptable use of the new capacitors developed from the Telos 5000, this amplifier has a essentially bigger “driver control”.

Wired with a Telos ambit and built-in-digital input, it additionally has a congenital D/A Alize 5 converter. All this makes the Telos 250 accord you college power. Now alert to all this, all those arch bangers charge be salivating aloof cerebration about the roof-shattering sounds this amplifier creates. But I accept some sad account for you. If the name Goldmund is not accustomed to you, let me acquaint you that it is a Swiss architect accepted for its ultra aerial end offerings. Hence the amount tag on this babyish is actual actual abundant at $13,800.

Orange Amplifiers OPC: All-In-One Computer Amplifier Speaker

2010-04-18T10:32:00.000-07:00

Orange Amplifiers OPC is a computer amplifier speaker that integrates a computer with an internal speaker, recording software, a

Gearhounds, get your O-face on: Orange Amplifiers has introduced the OPC, an all-in-one computer amplifier speaker that integrates a computer with a high-end internal speaker. The OPC is a musician's toolbox with a handle, offering the capability to play, record, edit, and compute.

According to the manufacturer, the OPC represents a number of "firsts." It's the first computer of its kind that connects directly to your instrument; it's the first to have a built-in, high-powered speaker that delivers full range, high quality sounds and vintage guitar sounds; it's the first computer to have a universal input jack that lets you plug in musical instruments like guitars and keyboard or other devices like MP3 players and microphones. The OPC also has a unique cooling system that ensures that air goes in and exits only after cooling the internal computer.

The OPC has 4GB DDR2 RAM, a 500 GB hard drive, Intel chips, Windows 7 (64-bit) OS, 8 USB 2.0 ports, wi-fi, an integrated GeForce 9300 graphics card with an optional dedicated ATI 5670 512 MB card (for those who want to play a few games while playing music), and more.

Orange notes that the first models will include modeling software incorporating computer samples of vintage and current Orange amps and cabinets, as well as a free branded recording software package. Once plugged in, you can use the included software to create music or choose your guitar sound and then play, record, and hear your guitar through the computer.

Expect the OPC to be released in June, 2010. Pricing is TBA. For further details, visit orangeamps.com

Roland MicroCube Portable Guitar Amplifier

2010-04-18T10:31:00.000-07:00

At Cool Tools, Jeff Bragg reviewed the Roland MicroCube, a nifty small amp that has digital modeling to emulate the sounds of different classic, larger, amplifiers. On Amazon, it can be found for as little as $119. This little amp has been around for about four years and is loaded with features closely related to its larger, louder cousins. The controls on the top provide a wide range of sonic possibilities. Along with a knob for tone, there are controls for gain (think distortion control) and volume. Most importantly, the MicroCube uses digital modeling to make it versatile and good sounding. What's digital modeling? That's where you take a bunch of great-sounding full-size amps and digitally sample the sounds they make and then apply that to the sound architecture of another amp. Cool Tools: Roland MicroCube Portable Guitar Amplifier

Sweet vacuum tube clock

2010-04-18T09:02:00.000-07:00

Jason von Nieda put together this awesomely dramatic vacuum tube clock built around a Russian IV-18 nixie tube. He cites Adafruit's Ice Tube Clock for inspiration and credits John Pfeiffer for the enclosure design.

Design Amplifier vakum tube

2010-04-18T08:56:00.000-07:00

Ever admiration what goes into the architecture of a exhaustion tube audio amplifier? Well, radio architecture adept Greg Charvot has you covered with his latest presentation, architecture your own exhaustion tube audio amplifier. The slides are appealing abundant on engineering architecture terms, but accord a acceptable feel for what it takes to assemble and tune an audio amplifier application exhaustion tube technology. If you are bottomward with Bode plots and ambit diagrams, though, it could serve as a nice addition to architecture a chic AB amplifier circuit.

Instrumen Amplifier Exhibits Zero Drift

2010-04-18T08:54:00.000-07:00

Instrumen Amplifier Exhibits Zero Drift Promising to simplify pressure and thermocouple bridge measurement, the LMP8358 debuts as the industry’s first zero-drift, programmable instrumentation amplifier with on-chip diagnostics, a capability that prevents circuit shutdowns. The device employs patented techniques to measure and continuously correct its input offset voltage of 5 mV typical, eliminating offset drift over time and temperature as well as the effect of 1/f noise. This leads to a flat noise spectrum of 27 nV/ÖHz. The LMP8358’s programmable frequency compensation enables programmable bandwidths and its offset compensation circuit allegedly does not introduce distortion and aliasing for signals lower than 12 kHz. Other features include EMI suppression filters, glitch-free transitions between gain settings that are programmable to 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, or 1,000 through a SPI or parallel interface, operation from a single 2.7V to 5V supply, an operating temperature range from -40°C to +125°C, a 10-mV maximum offset voltage and 50 nV/C maximum offset voltage drift, gain bandwidth of 8 MHz, and a power consumption of 1.7 mA. Price for the LMP8358 is $2.71 each/1,000. NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORP., Santa Clara, CA. (800) 272-9959.

via electronicdesign

Modelling amplifier made by GHS - $200 (60 watts 12inch MIDI )

2010-04-18T08:52:00.000-07:00

ROCKTRON REPLITONE 60 watt modeling amp This amp has the PATENTED HUSH circuit that ROCKTRON SELLS EVEN SEPARATELY IN A RACK FOR OTHER AMPS it quiets those idle pink noise that irritates all pedal boards New RepliTone combo amps. Get the sounds the players get with a powerful DSP combo amp that models the artists, not just the amps. DSP effects ... based on Rocktron’s Intellifex. This amp series features Digital Tube Replication technology (DTR) to replicate the artists and their many vintage and modern amplifiers. Tweeds, Plexi’s, Fuzz Tones, Jazz Tones as well as Thrash, Class A, 70’s Style and many more with ease. Each replication features all of the dynamic characteristics of the original tones including EQ, gain structure and attack dynamics, and the FEEL of the REAL THING.
Rocktron’s new DTR technology HUSH noise reduction 30 programmable presets w/MIDI interface Stereo 24-bit digital effects 16 vintage and modern amplifier replications 60 watts (per side on 212) Tap tempo delay and trem rate Stereo headphone output with speaker simulator Traditional look and operation Real amplifier controls Dozens of effect configurations

The RepliTone series features a programmable 24-bit DSP effect section with effects such as delays, choruses, flange, phaser, compressor, wah, tremolo, rotary speaker and reverb. Dialing in just a right amount of effect is made easy by using the Effect Select knob to select the effect and adjusting the Effect Adjust knob to modify it. Delay time or Trem Rate can be set on the fly with the Delay Time and Rate buttons. 30 MIDI programmable presets (which can be switched via any MIDI controller or by an optional 4-button footswitch) and stereo effect loop make it very easy to use tons of tones in any live situation.

The studio is also a perfect place for the RepliTone amps. Not only can you achieve almost any tone you want, you can use the Headphone output with speaker simulation to run the RepliTone amps direct in stereo.

The controls of the RepliTones are laid out in a traditional amp style with knobs for adjusting Bass, Mid, Treble, Gain and Volume. Additional controls for Effect Adjust, Reverb Level, and Delay Level make it extremely simple to use and adjust in those real critical moments on stage.


	via craiglist

Sistem Alarm dengan Mikrokontroler AVR 8535

2010-04-02T04:13:00.000-07:00

Fire alarm system is a topic that is always interesting to try. This is because it involves a microcontroller, temperature sensor and smoke and programs in the LCD viewer. This application is a demo of the fire alarm using ATmega AVR Microcontroller 8535, which is already available on-chip 10-bit internal ADC with 8 channels.

Tools required for this application experiment:
1. ATmega AVR Smart 8535 or any other AVR sismin already supports serial communication.

2. 2 LM 35 temperature sensor

3. Sensor Smoke / Gas AF30

4. Digital Multimeter

5. 12V adapter

6. Relay Board

7. Buzzer and spray

Block Diagram

We need a temperature sensor LM35 as a fairly linear measuring range of 0-100 degrees Celsius. 2 sensors fitted to PA.0 and PA.2 as a demo at the room temperature measurements inside and outside. While the humidity sensor has an analog output with a range of type 808H5V5 0.8V - 3.9V connected to PA.1 .. If you want to have a temperature sensor chip cooling, use the type LM35DT

Download Ubuntu 10.04 lucid lynx

2010-04-01T21:16:00.000-07:00

Download for ubuntu 10.04 lucid lynx beta release
Participate in Ubuntu

If you would like to help shape Ubuntu, take a look at the list of ways you can participate at

*

http://www.ubuntu.com/community/participate/

Rangkaian SPI Flash Microcontroller Programmer

2010-04-01T16:24:00.000-07:00

This SPI Beam Programmer can be acclimated either for in-system programming or as a stand-alone consecutive beam programmer for the Atmel SPI programmable devices. The programmer accouterments interface is controlled by the PC alongside anchorage and the alongside anchorage ascendancy signals are advisedly selectable by the user. The software supports both the 8051 and AVR alternation devices.

Hardware

Figure 1 shows the ambit diagram of the SPI Beam programmer accouterments interface, the ability to the interface is provided either by a 9V dc adapter or a 9V battery. The 74HCT367 IC absorber the alongside anchorage signals. It is all-important to use the HCT blazon IC in adjustment to accomplish abiding the programmer should additionally assignment with the 3V blazon alongside port. The 74HCT04 is acclimated to accomplish the alarm arresting for the u-controller back programming the accessory in stand-alone mode.

Antena penguat sinyal TV Digital

2010-03-21T03:31:00.000-07:00

Spesifikasi Teknis :

Input Therminal : 75 Ohm Din
Receiving Frequency : 48.25~863.25 Mhz Tuning Range
Fully DVB-T Compliant
2K or 8K FFT Size
Bandwith : 6/7/8 Mhz Auto Select
De-Multiplexing
Stream Capture : PES & TS
Video Format : MPEG-II Main Profile & Main Level
Audio Format : MPEG-II Audio Layer I & II

T-Mobile USA Finishes Upgrade to HSPA 7.2

2010-03-18T09:59:00.000-07:00

T-Mobile USA has completed its deployment of a faster 3G technology across its national network, reaching more than 200 million U.S. residents with the high-speed data and voice system while getting ready to upgrade some areas to even higher speeds later this year.
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The nation's fourth-largest carrier had promised last year it would finish rolling out HSPA 7.2 -- High-Speed Packet Access with a theoretical top speed of 7.2M bps (bits per second) -- by the end of 2009. The carrier announced Tuesday it had achieved that goal. The news came out just before Google introduced the Nexus One handset, which will be sold by Google and run on T-Mobile's network. The Nexus One supports HSPA 7.2.

While most mobile operators look toward LTE (Long-Term Evolution) as the next major generation of mobile data networks, 3G technology continues to evolve with higher performance and greater efficiency. Both AT&T and T-Mobile have said they will deploy LTE in 2011, a year later than Verizon Wireless, while upgrading on the 3G path in the meantime. AT&T said last year it would have HSPA 7.2 in at least six markets, including Chicago, Los Angeles and Miami, by the end of 2009. The new technology will reach 90 percent of AT&T's network by the end of 2011, the company said last October.

While AT&T continues to roll out HSPA 7.2, T-Mobile this year will begin deploying HSPA+, which is designed for speeds of 21M bps or more. The carrier did not provide any details on the timing or location of its HSPA Plus deployments this year.

Verizon Wireless, which uses a different 3G system from AT&T and T-Mobile, plans to launch commercial LTE service this year. LTE has been demonstrated at speeds of more than 100M bps downstream. Real-world speeds on all mobile networks depend on local conditions and typically are shared among many subscribers.

Mobile Broadband in the Americas

2010-03-18T09:56:00.000-07:00

Mobile Broadband in the Americas:
Momentum Building in the AWS Band

Report Prepared for the GSM Association
May 2009

Scott Fox Chairman & CEO
Jeffrey Walkenhorst Vice President – Research
Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 2 of 40

Acknowledgements
The many people and companies that contributed to this report are too numerous to mention or
highlight individually. However, we wish to specifically acknowledge the following companies
and individuals for their significant contributions to this research and report:
- BandRich
- Ericsson
- GSM Association
- KB Enterprises, LLC
- Mark McDiarmid – T-Mobile USA
- Marvel Semiconductor
- Neville Ray – T-Mobile USA
- Nokia Siemens Networks
- Qualcomm
- Research In Motion Ltd.
- Ricardo Tavares – GSM Association
- Sandra Gillian – GSM Association
- Sebastian Cabello – GSM
Association
- Sony Ericsson
- T-Mobile USA

San Diego, CA U.S.A.
www.GlobalViewPartners.com

Notice

The contents of this paper reflect the research, analysis and conclusions of Global View Partners, Inc and may not necessarily
represent the opinions and view points of the GSM Association. Global View Partners provides this document and the information
contained herein for informational purposes only. Although Global View Partners has exercised reasonable care in researching and
providing this information, Global View Partners does not warrant this information to be error-free. Global View Partners disclaims
and, in no event, shall be liable for any losses or damages of any kind, whether direct, indirect, incidental, consequential, or punitive
arising out of or in any way related to the use of this information.

Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 3 of 40

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements………………………………………………………….02
Table of Contents …………………………………………………………....03

I. Executive Summary…..……………………………………………………..04

II. AWS and the Economic and Social Benefits of Mobile:

A. Spectrum Policy and the Public Good ……………………………....05
B. Growing Spectrum Demand and Role of AWS Band ……………..08

III. AWS Overview and Importance…………………………………………...10

IV. AWS Licensing To-Date and Expectations for the Americas………..12

A. United States……………………………………………………………...12
B. Canada……………………………………………………………………..15
C. Latin America……………………………………………………………..17

V. Insights from Carriers and Vendors……………………………………...20

VI. Sample of Commercially Available Devices…………………………….23

VII. AWS Total Addressable Market Forecast…………………………….....24

VIII. Alternate Spectrum Bands and Issues That May Impact AWS
Band……………………………………………………………………...........28

IX. Conclusions…………………………………………………………………..30

Glossary…………………………………………………………………………….....31

Appendix……………………………………………………………………………....33 Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 4 of 40

I. Executive Summary

Due to dramatically increasing global demand, a number of new spectrum bands are being
licensed to add capacity and/or foster new services and competition in mobile markets. In the
Americas, the Advanced Wireless Services (AWS) band (90 MHz of spectrum in the 1.7-2.1
GHz range) has already added significant capacity and coverage to the US and Canadian
markets, with many Latin American countries also expected to license this spectrum soon.
However, some operators and regulators are concerned that devices to enable the full utilization
of this new band may come to market too slowly. This concern may affect operator business
plans as well as regulator willingness to license the AWS band in new markets. The primary
objective of this paper is to assess and present factually the commercial viability and service
launches of the GSM family of technologies (GSM, HSPA, LTE) in the AWS band in all relevant
markets in the world, with a special emphasis on the Americas.

Analysis of spectrum policy, industry traffic trends, AWS auctions to-date, and the total
addressable market across the Americas, as well as discussions with AWS industry participants
and regulators, point to a number of key findings:

 Public policy that supports the AWS band also benefits economic growth.
Regulators understand that rapidly growing wireless traffic will require incremental
spectrum over time, and ample research now supports the positive correlation between
wireless penetration and economic growth. Since the sizable AWS band represents an
immediate opportunity throughout the Americas to allocate additional airwaves, licensing
remains a priority.

 Prices paid for AWS spectrum in the United States and Canada reveals high
market demand. For the US AWS auction, net bids totaled $13.7 billion or $0.53 per
MHz-POP. In Canada, the AWS spectrum auctions produced net bids of $4.2 billion, or
$1.55 per MHz-POP, higher than prices realized from PCS auctions.

 The AWS band is sufficiently similar to other frequency bands and HSPA gear is
ready today. Given close frequency proximity to the IMT-20001
core band (1920-1980
MHz paired with 2110-2170 MHz) and PCS bands (1800 MHz and 1900 MHz),
development and production of HSPA infrastructure equipment and handsets is not a
technical challenge. T-Mobile USA reports no problems with equipment procurement
and expects to cover more than 200 million POPs by year-end 2009, up from 107 million
POPs covered at year-end 2008.

 Production cost curves are comfortable and improving. According to several
vendors, cost curves are not all that different from mainstream products today and are
not a deal breaker in terms of bringing AWS products to market. The component supply
chain appears ready and excited to support AWS hardware in scale.

 Small addressable market is poised for rapid growth. With equipment readily
available and cost curves comparable to existing products, operators can drive AWS
market growth depending upon specific market share and deployment plans. So, while

1
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) is the global standard for third-generation (3G) wireless
communications, defined by a set of interdependent ITU recommendations. Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 5 of 40

the initial market opportunity started small for potential suppliers, the addressable market
is quickly expanding. T-Mobile USA expects to rapidly drive device and subscriber
penetration over the next several years, with approximately one-half of the operator’s
subscriber base—or an estimated 20 million subscribers—expected to be on HSPA in
the AWS band in two years and more than 90% in five years.

 Meaningful growth in AWS subscribers and device volumes is projected for the
Americas. The continued push of T-Mobile USA and additional licensing across the
Americas should bring total subscribers with AWS-enabled devices to an estimated
177.8 million at year-end 2013, a compound annual growth rate of 94% from an
estimated 12.4 million at year-end 2009. As the subscriber base grows, estimated
handset/device unit sales are also expected to increase rapidly, reaching an estimated
114.5 million in 2013, an annual compound growth rate of 80% from an estimated 10.9
million in 2009. Importantly, during this period, the licensed AWS population (POPs) is
projected to increase to an estimated 732 million from an estimated 328 million at year-
end 2008.

 Operators’ desire accelerated licensing in Latin America. Current North American
license holders are very interested in additional AWS licensing to occur soon across the
Americas to further accelerate new device/handset introduction and enable
inbound/outbound roaming in the band. Several Latin American operators are also very
interested in accessing AWS spectrum to enable new mobile broadband services and
provide additional coverage and capacity.

 Conclusions. In summary, regulators can be confident that infrastructure equipment
and devices are increasingly available for the AWS band and, therefore, support
accelerated licensing plans. Vendors can be confident that the addressable market
justifies further product development and that the associated costs are comparable to
other, similar bands such as PCS 1900 MHz and 2.1 GHz. Finally, operators can feel
secure that they can obtain licenses and develop their business plans.

II. AWS and the Economic and Social Benefits of Mobile

A. Spectrum Policy and the Public Good

Anecdotal evidence of the economic and social benefits of mobile telecommunications is
increasingly widespread and undeniable. Specific examples over the past decade include:

 Sales forces both small and large gained a new ability to increase productivity by having
readily available communications on the go via cell phones.

 Parents improved their ability to juggle family and work commitments, coordinating who
is in the best position to pick up kids from school.

 Taxi drivers added new paid rides thanks to carrying cell phones, allowing customers to
contact them while they are on the road.

 Fishermen increased their income by knowing ahead of time in which port they can get a
better price for their product.
Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 6 of 40

 Farmers maximized their profits by following real-time price changes for their crops.

 In developing countries, many users made their first phone call on a mobile phone,
which now is approaching 100% penetration in several emerging markets.

Quantifying the benefits. Despite compelling evidence through the years, economic and
social benefits have been hard to quantify and largely missing from economic and
telecommunications policy. In recent years, however, academic scholars and industry analysts
have built a body of research that quantifies the benefits.
2

 Professor Waverman (2005) of the London Business School concluded that each
additional 10% in mobile penetration increases Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by an
average of 0.59% per year.

 McKinsey (2006) performed field work in China, measuring increases in productivity and
improvements in social life thanks to the mobile phone, concluding that mobile
telecommunications had an impact in 2005 that was equivalent to 4.9% of China’s total
GDP. In the Philippines, McKinsey concluded that improvements in mobile penetration
drove the mobile industry’s share of total GDP to 7.5% in 2005 alone.

 Deloitte (2008) expanded the analysis of indirect impacts of mobile industry growth to
estimate that a 10% increase in mobile penetration can lead to a 1.2% increase in long-
term growth per annum. Also, Deloitte estimated that the mobile industry contributed
between 3.7% and 6.2% of GDP in 2007 in a six-country study of Serbia, Ukraine,
Malaysia, Thailand, Bangladesh and Pakistan.

The surprisingly high numbers—sometimes two to four times above the usual estimates of
mobile representing approximately 2.5% of a country’s total GDP—are a result of modeling not
only direct effects of mobile telecommunications (network build out and service provision), but
also indirect effects, such as foreign direct investment, productivity increases, and human
capital formation. The indirect effects promote economic activity across sectors because of
more reliable communications infrastructure and connectivity, thereby enabling increased
knowledge, skills, and economic growth. Thus, evidence now implies that a higher mobile
penetration most likely drives maximum economic and social benefits that accelerate GDP
growth.

Rational conclusion: minimize costs to expand mobile penetration. Based on the
evidence, operators and regulators are highly incentivized to lower the minimum cost of
ownership (MCO)—the upfront and ongoing minimum payments that consumers must make to
stay connected—in order to expand mobile penetration. Figure 1 illustrates the positive
relationship between mobile penetration and GDP per capita for selected countries around the
world.

2
See Ovum, ―The economic contribution of mobile services in the European Union before its 2004 expansion,‖ December 2004;
Leonard Waverman, ―The Impact of Telecoms on Economic Growth in Developing Countries,‖ Vodafone Policy Paper Series, no. 2,
March 2005; Ovum, ―The economic benefits of mobile services in India,‖ January 2005; Ovum, ―The Economics and Social Benefits
of Mobile in Bangladesh,‖ April 2006; McKinsey & Co., ―Wireless Unbound—The Surprising Economic Value and Untapped
Potential of the Mobile Phone,‖ September 2006; Deloitte, ―Economic Impact of Mobile Communications in Serbia, Ukraine,
Malaysia, Thailand, Bangladesh and Pakistan,‖ January 2008; LECG, ―3G mobile networks in emerging markets‖ The importance of
timely investment and adoption,‖ January 2009; McKinsey & Co., ―Mobile broadband for the masses: Regulatory levers to make it
happen,‖ February 2009. Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 7 of 40

Figure 1 - World Mobile Penetration & GDP per Capita in USD
Argentina
Chile
Brazil
Colombia
Peru Mexico
South Africa
Algeria
Egypt
United States
Canada
Germany
Italy
United Kingdom
France
China
India
Indonesia
Japan
Australia
Thailand
Russia
Poland
Czech Republic
Venezuela
Israel
New Zealand
Saudi Arabia
Greece
Oman
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
180%
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000
GDP p/c (PPP, 2008 est.)
Mobile Penetration (Q408)
Bubble size: Mobile subscribers as of Q4 2008

Sources: Wireless Intelligence, IMF and World Bank.

Focus now shifting to mobile data/broadband. The initial analyses of the economic and
social impact of mobile were primarily focused on GSM networks that provided voice and SMS.
As the GSM family of standards moved into GPRS, EDGE, and—more importantly –to HSPA,
HSPA+, and LTE the debate has shifted greatly to mobile’s role as a supplier of broadband via
mobile broadband. A forecast by Ovum and Ericsson in 2007 found that by 2012 the world will
have 2 billion broadband connections, 65% of which will be mobile broadband.

Mobile broadband critical to growth in developed and emerging markets. In developed
countries, broadband had a major impact in increasing economic productivity and driving
economic growth. More recently, mobile broadband contributed to driving new applications and
content. In emerging markets, the impact is even more pronounced, as limited existing copper
infrastructure and low penetration of cable TV leave mobile broadband as the only feasible
option to cost-effectively increase broadband penetration.

Potential benefits for emerging markets. McKinsey (2009) concluded that bringing
broadband penetration levels in emerging markets to today’s Western European levels (54%)
could potentially add $300 billion to $400 billion in global GDP and generate 10 million to14
million new jobs across emerging economies. The study also concludes that only mobile
broadband can achieve this goal. Today, broadband penetration in most developing countries
is below 5%.

Economic conditions should spur further action. In the face of significant global economic
challenges in 2009, mobile industry leaders believe increasing the availability of spectrum is the Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 8 of 40

single most important contribution that governments can make to help drive economic recovery.
In a letter to the G-20 meeting in London last April, they wrote:

“We ask the G20 leaders to consider the vital contribution that mobile technology can make to
global economic recovery and recognize the importance of these key enabling actions by
government. The mobile industry stands ready to support the efforts of governments to stimulate
sustainable economic recovery, through its unique ability to invest in long-term productivity
enhancing technology that is also a powerful catalyst for entrepreneurial initiative, social capital,
low carbon development, and digital inclusion.
3
‖
B. Growing Spectrum Demand and Role of AWS Band

The high economic and social benefits of mobile broadband can only be realized when
adequate radio spectrum is available, making the issue of spectrum licensing increasingly
paramount. A broad range of new services, such as Internet access via mobile broadband,
Web browsing on mobile phones, social networking, video calling, and a steady flow of new
applications are dramatically increasing network data traffic and, therefore, spectrum usage. As
a finite resource, spectrum—how much and in which bands—is the single most critical input to
the economic viability of mobile broadband.

Sizing additional spectrum needs. Based on current trends, the International
Telecommunications Union (ITU) predicted that in the next 12 years the mobile industry will
utilize three times more spectrum than in the last 20 years. A key challenge will be recovering
additional spectrum to license, which is scarce. ITU scenario results are included in Figure 2.

Figure 2 – Future Spectrum Needs
Demand Scenario
Total Spectrum Requirement (MHz)
2010 2015 2020 2025
High Demand Setting – ITU(1)
840 1300 1720 N/A
Low Demand Setting – ITU(1)
760 1300 1280(3)
N/A
High Urban Demand – U.K.
(2)
430 1270 1200(3)
1310
Low Urban Demand – U.K.
(2)
200 210 520 550

Source: Arthur D. Little, ―Mobile Broadband, Competition and Spectrum Caps‖ ADL 2009, January 2009.
Notes: 1. ITU-R Report M.2078 (2006); 2. Analysis Mason, ―Spectrum demand for non-government services 2005–2025,‖ report to
the U.K. Independent Audit of Spectrum Holdings, http://www.spectrumaudit.org.uk - total capacity for mobile use in 900 MHz, 1800
MHz, 1.9/2.1GHz and 2.6 GHz bands in the United Kingdom is assumed to be 540 MHz; 3. Decrease due to deployment of more
efficient systems beyond current and near-term IMT-2000 systems.

Optimal network provisioning. Mobile operators will require additional spectrum in order to
increase economic efficiency in provisioning broadband via mobile. Advanced wireless
networks utilizing HSPA, HSPA+ and LTE will allow for increases of data transmission speeds
in the range of 1 to 50 Mb/s with theoretical peak rates of 172 Mb/s. While the economics of
providing mobile broadband are still evolving—the cost per capacity is higher than for voice and
SMS—certain technologies such as LTE operate more efficiently with channels of 2x20 MHz,
leading to skyrocketing demand for spectrum.
4

3
Mobile industry leaders’ letter to the G-20 meeting in London, April 2009.
4
See McKinsey 2009. Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 9 of 40

Current licensed spectrum around world and AWS. Providing additional capacity for
broadband was one of the key motives behind the licensing of the AWS band in the United
States and Canada. This is equally important for Latin American countries that also use the
PCS 1900 MHz band. In Latin America, the spectrum currently licensed for mobile services is
well below US and European market levels.
5

Figure 3 – Currently Licensed Spectrum for Mobile Services in Selected Countries
589
358
400
360
100
250
140
593
265
170
200
170
120 120
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Norway
Spain
U.K.
France
India
Indonesia
Pakistan
U.S.
Canada
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Mexico
Total Licensed Spectrum, MHz

Source: GSMA based on Arthur D. Little (2009), Plum, KB Enterprises LLC.
Notes: * India’s value is the average per circle 2G. Pakistan’s value is only for 2G services.

Recent 3G licensing and AWS plans in Latin America. In Asia, China and Vietnam licensed
3G in early 2009 to accelerate economic growth and overcome the recessionary trends in their
domestic markets. In Latin America, Chile launched a ―beauty contest‖ on April 16, 2009 to be
completed by August 2009, while Argentina and Mexico are considering licensing the AWS
band as an important measure to accelerate mobile broadband. In the next five years, most
South and Central American countries are expected to make the AWS band available.

AWS licensing should positively impact many constituents. As a core 3G band in the
Americas, the AWS 1.7-2.1 GHz band is crucial for mobile broadband. For mobile carriers, it
will enhance the launch of new services that utilize USB dongles and new mobile broadband
handsets and applications. For infrastructure vendors, it represents a unique opportunity to put
the Americas on par with developed Asia and Europe in terms of 3G expansion and reach. For
handset and device makers, the AWS band brings new opportunities in markets with pent-up
demand for broadband services. For society in general, the band will unleash a critical new
range of spectrum that will enhance mobile broadband’s ability to benefit consumers and
increase economic productivity.

5
See Arthur D. Little (2009), p. 20. Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 10 of 40

III. AWS Overview and Importance

In 2002, the United States allocated 90 MHz of spectrum for AWS at 1710-1755 MHz
(transmit/uplink) and 2110-2155 MHz (receive/downlink), referred to as the AWS-1 band. The
uplink AWS-1 spectrum was reclaimed from the Department of Defense and auctioned to
qualified bidders in 2006 with incumbent relocation costs paid for by auction revenues. Canada
followed the United States and conducted a spectrum auction in 2008 that included 90 MHz of
AWS spectrum, 10 MHz of expansion PCS licenses and one block of 5 MHz at 1670-1676 in the
AWS auction. There are two (2) different Band plans designated for AWS. Band 10 has an
extra 15 MHz in the uplink and downlink compared to Band 4 allocations.
- FDD reference frequencies for Operating Band 4: UL 1712.6 MHz - 1752.4 MHz DL
2112.6 MHz - 2152.4 MHz Paired bands are of interest in region 2 and Japan. (This is
being used by T-Mobile in USA.)
- FDD reference frequencies for Operating Band 10: UL 1712.6 MHz - 1767.4 MHz DL
2112.6 MHz - 2167.4 MHz

Frequency location relative to other bands. The AWS downlink channel is largely consistent
with that of the IMT-2000 core band (2110-2170 MHz), while the uplink channel falls
approximately 100-250 MHz below both the IMT-2000 (1920-1980 MHz) and PCS transmit
channels. The downlink band aligns well with the global downlink but is smaller. The uplink
band in the US, though, is less than what CITEL agreed to (1710-1770 MHz). Operators and
vendors alike indicate that the propagation characteristics of the AWS band are sufficiently
similar to the 3G core, 1800 MHz and 1900 MHz bands and, therefore, facilitate availability of
network equipment and devices. Figure 4 below illustrates the AWS bands relative to IMT-2000
and PCS bands.
Figure 4 - Band Plans: IMT-2000, AWS (US & Canada), PCS (US)

Source: ITU, FCC, Industry Canada.

AWS represents a large portion of total mobile wireless airwaves. For the United States
and Canada, the additional 90 MHz of AWS spectrum for commercial mobile wireless services Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 11 of 40

represents an estimated 15% and 34%, respectively, of total licensed spectrum through 2008.
6

For other countries in the Americas, the percentage may range from 30% to 40%. Figure 5
below shows expected AWS spectrum as a percentage of total licensed mobile spectrum across
the Americas.
Figure 5 – AWS Spectrum as % of Total Mobile Spectrum*
2009E 2010E 2011E 2012E 2013E
United States 15% 18% 18% 21% 21%
Canada 34% 34% 34% 34% 34%
Mexico 0% 37% 37% 37% 37%
Argentina 35% 35% 35% 35% 35%
Chile 35% 35% 35% 35% 35%
Colombia 0% 43% 43% 43% 43%
Peru 0% 0% 41% 41% 41%
Venezuela 0% 0% 47% 47% 47%

Source: GVP estimates; Ricardo Raineri, ―Análisis del Mercado de Telefonía Móvil e Incentivo de Operadores Preexistentes ante
elConcurso de la Banda 3G en Chile,‖ 2008, http://www.tdlc.cl/DocumentosMultiples/Informe_Ricardo_Raineri_Nextel.pdf.
* United States assumes issuance of additional AWS spectrum in 2010 and 2012; all other countries assume total licensed
spectrum as of 2008 held constant through forecast period.
AWS meets pent-up demand. The AWS spectrum auction in the United States was especially
significant because it marked the first auction of a large block of mobile spectrum with
nationwide coverage to be auctioned since the PCS auctions in the early 1990s.
7
The
opportunity for operators to obtain wide bands of spectrum, along with growing capacity needs
and uncertainty over potential 700 MHz band auctions (known as the ―digital dividend‖), created
large, pent-up demand for additional wireless spectrum. Accordingly, there were over 250
auction applicants, 168 of which became qualified bidders.
Auction proceeds to-date. For the US AWS auction, gross bids totaled $13.9 billion while net
bids amounted to $13.7 billion or $0.53 per MHz-POP (net of bidding credits offered to small
businesses). As shown in Figure 6 below, the proceeds were lower than the $20.3 billion raised
from the PCS auctions, yet still represent a very significant outlay.
Figure 6 - US AWS and PCS Auction Prices

Auction Date Spectrum Revenue
Price/
MHz-POP
PCS A and B Block 1994 40 MHz $7,721,103,797 $0.76
PCS C Block 1995 30 MHz $10,071,708,841 $1.33
PCS D, E and F Blocks 1996 30 MHz $2,517,439,565 $0.33
AWS Auction 2006 90 MHz $13,700,267,150 $0.53

Source: FCC, KB Enterprises LLC.

6
Includes 700 MHz and 2.5 GHz spectrum for United States.
7
The PCS auctions in the United States were held in the early 1990s and the Wireless Communications Services auction (30 MHz
in the 2300 MHz band) was held in 1997 with few auctions of mobile spectrum over 5 MHz covering the entire United States after
that until the AWS auction. A list of all FCC spectrum auctions can be found at:
http://wireless.fcc.gov/auctions/default.htm?job=auctions_all. Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 12 of 40

In Canada, the AWS spectrum auctions of 90 MHz produced net bids of $4.2 billion, or $1.55
per MHz-POP, higher than price per MHz-POP amounts realized from combined PCS auctions
of 50 MHz. [Figure 7]
Figure 7 - Canadian AWS and PCS Auction Prices

Auction Date Spectrum Revenue
Price/
MHz-Pop
PCS 2001 40 MHz $1,481,920,000 $1.23
AWS 2008 90 MHz $4,177,503,000 $1.55
PCS Expansion 2008 10 MHz $74,681,077 $0.13

Source: Industry Canada, KB Enterprises LLC.

In Latin America, while no AWS spectrum has been licensed as yet, Chile recently moved
forward with a beauty contest and Argentina is expected to hold an auction this year, with
Mexico and other countries following in 2010.

IV. AWS Licensing To-Date and Expectations for the Americas

A. United States

AWS market participants. The AWS auction in 2006 garnered wide interest and participation
from incumbent operators as well as new entrants into the wireless market. Of the incumbents,
T-Mobile USA was the most aggressive given the operator’s desire to establish a nationwide
footprint suitable for 3G services. On the new entrant side, SpectrumCo–a consortium of cable
operators including Comcast, Time Warner, Cox, and Advance Newhouse, and satellite
operator, EchoStar—made a large push with the goal of offering new wireless services to their
existing customer bases. It was reported that SpectrumCo hoped that other potential new
entrants, including technology companies such as Google, eBay, and Skype, would wait for the
700 MHz auction and not compete for the AWS spectrum. All bidders were encouraged by T-
Mobile’s participation and believed that the operator would be a leader in the relocation of
incumbent private and public licensees in the band. Bidders further believed that T-Mobile’s
global breadth would lead the way in encouraging chip and handset manufacturers to deliver
compatible equipment for the band.
AWS license terms and conditions. Relative to prior licenses, the FCC structured AWS
licenses with a longer term and relaxed ―substantial service‖ requirements to give licensees
more time to build out service in a spectrum band where equipment did not yet exist. In addition
to the prediction of slow availability of type-accepted equipment for the AWS band, some
relocation of government and private incumbent licensees also needed to occur. As a result,
the term length was set at 15 years—compared to ten years for all other commercial radio
licenses previously issued—and the FCC implemented vague ―substantial service‖ requirements
that allowed bidders to hold spectrum until equipment was manufactured and incumbents were
relocated. Notably, the FCC did not specify exact coverage benchmarks for building and
deploying the AWS service.
8
Rather, substantial coverage was defined as service that is ―sound,

8
Found in section 27.14(a) of the FCC’s rules, substantial service is vaguely defined as ―service which is sound, favorable, and
substantially above a level of mediocre service which just might minimally warrant renewal.‖ 47 C.F.R. § 27.14(a). Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 13 of 40

favorable, and substantially above a level of mediocre service….‖
9
Finally, no spectrum was
set-aside for any designated entities (i.e., new entrants), but small businesses (based on
average annual revenues over the previous three years) were given bidding credits that reduced
the bidder’s final amount due.
Auction mechanics. The auction was conducted as a single simultaneous multiple round
auction that included 1,122 licenses. The FCC imposed an aggregate reserve price of $2.06
billion in order to ensure the recovery of the estimated relocation costs for government licensees
at 1710 – 1755 MHz10
.
Bidding and winners. The auction commenced August 9, 2006 and ended September 18,
2006, with 161 rounds conducted over 28 bidding days. There were 168 qualified bidders in the
auction and 104 different bidders won 1,087 licenses. The gross bids totaled $13,879,110,200
(bids net of the bidding credits offered to small businesses totaled $13,700,267,150). As shown
in Figure 8, T-Mobile USA, Verizon Wireless, SpectrumCo LLC, MetroPCS, Leap Wireless, and
Denali Spectrum were the large winners.
Figure 8 - United States AWS Auction Winners

Top Ten License Winners Winning Bids
Price/
MHz-pop
Licenses

Population*
T-Mobile License LLC $4,182,312,000.00 $.63 120 474,718,308
Cellco Partnership d/b/a Verizon Wireless $2,808,599,000.00 $.73 13 192,047,611
SpectrumCo LLC $2,377,609,000.00 $.45 137 267,387,437
MetroPCS AWS, LLC $1,391,410,000.00 $.97 8 144,544,402
AT&T (Cingular AWS, LLC) $1,334,610,000.00 $.55 48 198,768,198
Leap (Cricket Licensee) $710,214,000.00 $.44 99 117,802,839
Denali Spectrum License, LLC $365,445,000.00 $.63 1 58,178,304
Barat Wireless, L.P. $169,520,000.00 $.33 17 41,601,174
AWS Wireless Inc. $115,503,000.00 $.12 154 60,498,394
Atlantic Wireless, L.P. $100,392,000.00 $.27 15 35,803,110

Source: FCC, KB Enterprises LLC.
Note: * Represents the sum of the population covered by each license won by the bidder and may include overlap as
multiple blocks cover the same population.

AWS license transfers. Since the AWS spectrum auction, a number of licenses have
transferred ownership. Recent AWS spectrum trades are notable because they signal a viable
secondary market for license assets and also move spectrum to operators with definitive near-
term build-out plans. Figure 9 below summarizes the major changes in ownership of AWS
licenses.

9
For a discussion of the details of substantial service as compared to specific population coverage benchmarks in build-out
requirements, see Jennifer Prime, ―Finding Substance in the FCC’s Policy of ―Substantial Service‖ Federal Communications Law
Journal Vol. 56 No. 2, 2004.
10
If the price of all 1,122 licenses did not meet the aggregate reserve price, the results of the auction would be nullified. Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 14 of 40

Figure 9 - US AWS Major Spectrum Trades

Winning Bidder Assignee Number of Licenses Type of Transfer
SpectrumCo Cox Communications
15
15
Full Transfer
Market Partition11

NextWave T-Mobile 57 Full Transfer
NextWave Flat Wireless 5 Full Transfer
NextWave MetroPCS 9 Full Transfer
Daredevil Flat Wireless 2 Full Transfer
Source: KB Enterprises LLC.
Network launches to-date. Of AWS license winners, T-Mobile, Leap Wireless, and MetroPCS
have been most aggressive deploying networks in the AWS band. Large incumbents such as
Verizon Wireless and AT&T seem to be taking more time, possibly saving the spectrum for
future capacity needs or LTE. While Leap Wireless and MetroPCS are CDMA operators, their
success in rapidly rolling out new markets and adding new customers reveals the viability of the
AWS band and points to potential future deployments of LTE in the AWS band.
 T-Mobile USA. T-Mobile is the fourth-largest US wireless carrier covering more than
268 million POPs and serving nearly 33 million subscribers as of year-end 2008. The
operator aggressively deployed 3G UMTS/HSPA network coverage in the AWS band
during 2008 to cover 27 markets and 107 million POPs at year-end. The operator
launched its first HSPA handset in September 2008 and, according to Wireless
Intelligence, had approximately 1.8 million HSPA subscribers at the end of 1Q09. T-
Mobile plans to cover more than 200 million POPs by year-end 2009 and is quickly
introducing new 3G devices. In March 2009, the operator announced the availability of
the ―T-Mobile webConnect USB Laptop Stick‖ from Huawei Technologies Co., which
supports HSPA and WiFi (802.11 b/g) network access.

 MetroPCS. MetroPCS is a large regional CDMA carrier covering 64 million POPs and
serving 5.4 million subscribers as of year-end 2008. The operator pursues a strategy of
offering flat-rate unlimited wireless service plans and is using AWS spectrum for capacity
and footprint expansion in certain markets. Including AWS spectrum, MetroPCS plans
to launch services in several major metropolitan markets in 2009 and 2010, bringing
coverage to an additional 40 million POPs.

 Leap Wireless. Leap Wireless is a large regional CDMA carrier covering 67 million
POPs and serving 3.8 million subscribers as of year-end 2008. Like MetroPCS, Leap
offers flat-rate unlimited wireless service plans. In addition, Leap offers an unlimited
mobile broadband service using CDMA technology across all POPs. Leap and its
spectrum partner, Denali Spectrum, collaborated in the AWS auctions to spend
approximately $1 billion and announced that the new licenses will enable the carrier to
bring covered POPs to 182 million. During 2008, Leap launched AWS networks
covering 11 million POPs and is targeting an additional 25 million POPs in 2009,

11
The FCC allows licensees to partition or disaggregate licenses, thereby breaking them into smaller areas either geographically or
in terms of radio frequencies. In this case, SpectrumCo fully assigned 15 licenses and assigned a portion of the geographic area in
15 other markets. Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 15 of 40

bringing total covered POPs to more than 90 million. For AWS markets, Leap expects to
launch a ―broader product family‖ this year, including voice/data, broadband, and pre-
paid services.

 Stelera Wireless. Stelera Wireless is a new entrant that acquired 42 AWS licenses and
currently deploys high-speed broadband services in rural areas covering almost 6 million
POPs. Stelera began offering services in February 2008 under a flat, all-IP Internet High
Speed Packet Access (I-HSPA) architecture solution provided by Nokia Siemens
Networks.

 Cox Communications. Cox Communications is a multi-service broadband
communications and entertainment company with more than 6 million total residential
and commercial customers. To offer the ―quadruple play‖ of cable, Internet, voice and
wireless services, Cox is planning to build and launch a wireless network this year
across the company’s cable markets using CDMA technology.
B. Canada
Market participants. Three major nationwide telecommunications carriers—Rogers, Bell and
TELUS—hold the entire cellular and PCS license allocation in Canada. The following chart
(Figure 10) summarizes the spectrum holdings of each carrier in each of the Canadian regions
prior to the recent Canadian AWS spectrum auction. As in the United States, pent-up demand
for additional spectrum and an uncertain timetable for digital dividend spectrum availability (in
the 700 MHz band) created a situation in which incumbents desired spectrum in the AWS band.
Figure 10 - Canadian Spectrum Holdings in Cellular, PCS and ESMR services

Market Population Rogers MHz Bell MHz TELUS MHz
Toronto 4,883,800 75 55 50
Montreal 3,507,400 85 45 50
Vancouver 2,076,100 85 40 55
Ottawa-Gatineau 1,102,900 85 45 50
Calgary 976,800 85 40 55
Edmonton 961,500 85 40 55

Source: Lamay-Yates Associates, Inc. Canadian and US Mobile Spectrum Holdings Prepared for Mobilexchange Ltd.
May 25, 2007; KB Enterprises LLC.

AWS license terms and conditions. Canada’s regulatory body, Industry Canada, closely
followed the United States in implementing its AWS band plan and auction rules. However,
unlike the United States, Industry Canada implemented a set-aside in the AWS spectrum band
for new entrants, specific roaming requirements, and a 10-year license term.

 Set-aside for new entrants. For new entrants, 40 of the 90 MHz available in the AWS
band were set aside in frequency blocks B, C, and D. To be eligible for the set-aside, a Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 16 of 40

new entrant was defined as an entity, including affiliates and associated entities, which
hold less than 10 percent of the national wireless market based on revenue.
12

 Automatic roaming. In order to facilitate the entry of new companies into the market,
Industry Canada also required licensees to offer automatic digital roaming on their
networks in conjunction with the AWS spectrum auction. Roaming arrangements were
required to be offered wherever technically feasible, negotiated expeditiously and in
good faith. Negotiations between carriers were to be time-limited, and if the parties were
unable to come to an agreement within the established time frame, they were required to
undertake binding arbitration.
13

 10-year term. Canada implemented a 10-year initial license term and employed a
population-based build-out requirement at a five-year roll-out target.

Auction mechanics. After the US success in the PCS spectrum auctions, Canada developed
a similar auction system that employed simultaneous multiple round auction rules to allow
bidders to aggregate spectrum across spectrum blocks and geographic areas. On May 27,
2008, Industry Canada conducted a spectrum auction that included 90 MHz AWS spectrum, 10
MHz of expansion PCS licenses and one block of 5 MHz at 1670-1676 in the AWS auction.

Bidding and winners. The policy choices by the government, along with the demand for
spectrum bandwidth, paved the way for a robust competitive auction. The set-aside and
roaming requirements reduced the risk for new entrants to enter the auction and significantly
increased the spectrum auction competition for the incumbent carriers in the open eligibility
blocks. In addition, the set-aside blocks created greater opportunity for at least one additional
national wireless carrier. The resulting auction prices are included in Figure 11 below.

Figure 11 - The Winners of the 2008 Canadian Spectrum Auction (in US Dollars)
Top Ten License Winners Winning Bids
Price/
MHz-pop Licenses

Population*
Rogers $999,367,000 $1.67 59 30,007,094
TELUS $879,889,000 $1.82 59 30,007,094
Bell Mobility Inc. $740,928,000 $1.75 54 27,245,106
Québecor Inc $554,549,000 $1.46 17 14,687,045
Globalive Wireless $442,099,000 $1.24 30 23,265,134
Data & Audio-Visual $243,159,000 $1.39 10 16,121,864
Shaw Communications $189,519,000 $1.01 18 9,351,375
SaskTel $65,690,000 $1.35 3 975,717
6934579 Canada Inc. $52,385,077 $0.15 4 17,675,254
MTS/Allstream $40,773,750 $0.61 3 1,118,283

Source: Industry Canada, KB Enterprises LLC.

Notes: Represents the sum of the population covered by each license won by the bidder and may include overlap as
multiple blocks cover the same population.

12
http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf08833.html#fig1 Policy Framework for the Auction for Spectrum Licenses for
Advanced Wireless Services and other Spectrum in the 2 GHz Range. November 2007.

13
Id. Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 17 of 40

Network launches by new entrants expected by year-end 2009. Conversations with industry
participants imply that new entrants may launch selected markets towards the end of 2009.
Incumbent players appear to be taking a slower approach toward utilizing the band. Wireless
Intelligence estimates that there were 584,765 HSPA subscribers in Canada at the end of 1Q09,
all belonging to Rogers Wireless and in legacy spectrum bands.

C. Latin America

Many Latin American countries implemented US PCS 1900 services and structured their
national band plans attributing the 1.7-2.1GHz band for IMT-2000 services, following ITU and
CITEL (Inter-American Commission on Telecommunications) recommendations for Region 2.
Although many countries could allocate 2x60 MHz (1710-1770 / 2110-2170MHz) for mobile
services and reserve 2x15 MHz for future expansions (e.g., 1755 -1770 MHz paired with 2155 -
2170 MHz), regulators tend to follow the US licensing program structure to create some level of
geographic spectrum consistency. As a result, most plans call for the initial allocation of 90
MHz (2x45 MHz) and leave 25 MHz in the 2155-2180 MHz frequency band (known as AWS-3)
for some time in the future.

To-date, based on Wireless Intelligence estimates, Latin America has more than 2 million 3G
HSPA subscribers in frequency originally licensed for 2G use, totaling 41 HSPA networks in
services in the region. Flexible licensing regimes in most of the countries allowed the ―re-
farming‖ of 2G frequencies within an existing license for 3G deployment. Only a few countries,
such as Brazil and Uruguay, are following the 1.9-2.1 GHz IMT-2000 core band specifically for
3G services. All other countries in ITU Region 2 are expected to follow the United States in
allocating 1.7-2.1 GHz band for 3G services.

Chile. The country telecom regulator, Subsecretaria de Telecomunicaciones (SubTel),
launched a beauty contest for licensing the AWS (1.7-2.1 GHz) band spectrum. Three blocks of
30 MHz (2x15 MHz) nationwide spectrum (for a total of 90 MHz) will be offered exclusively for
new entrants. The process officially started as of April 16, 2009 and is predicted to end in
August 2009. In January 2009, a Supreme Court decision maintained a 60 MHz spectrum cap
per operator for this particular AWS licensing, thereby excluding incumbents from participating
in the new licensing program. The decision concluded a long controversy between incumbent
mobile network operators and SubTel over the AWS band.

At least one new operator may begin offering services based in the AWS band by spring 2010.
Fixed broadband penetration stands at 9% and growth is decelerating, placing increased
importance on wireless broadband services to sustain increases in broadband penetration.
Next-generation services launched to-date by three incumbent operators—Movistar, Entel PCS
and Claro, using 850 MHz and 1900 MHz—have produced approximately 400,000 3G HSPA
connections as of March 31, 2009.

SubTel is also planning to allocate frequencies in the 2.5-2.69 GHz and 700 MHz bands in the
near future, as both bands are seemingly cleared and ready to be licensed. The exact timing
awaits clarity on international harmonization options and technology and equipment availability.
However, addressing the spectrum cap issue remains critical to allow incumbent mobile
operators access to these spectrum bands.
Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 18 of 40

Mexico. The AWS licensing process in Mexico, together with other frequencies to be allocated,
started approximately two years ago and is moving forward sporadically. The policy maker,
Secretaria de Comunicaciones y Transporte (SCT), and the regulator, Comision Federal de
Telecomunicaciones (CoFeTel), are still trying to agree on the general basis for the bidding of
250 MHz in five bands (1.9 GHz, 1.7-2.1 GHz, 3.4-3.7 GHz, 71-81 GHz, and 410-430 MHz).
According to a March 2008 joint statement made by both SCT and CoFeTel
14
, they plan to
auction a total of 90 MHz (2x45 MHz) for AWS services in Mexico’s nine cellular regions.
Recent news reports indicate plans to reserve a block for one or more new entrants. Finally, a
spectrum cap of 65 MHz currently applies to mobile network operators (MNOs) in Mexico, which
could potentially prevent incumbent operators such as Telcel (America Movil) and Movistar
(Telefonica) from applying for new spectrum. This is one of the key issues requiring resolution
prior to proceeding with licensing.

Figure 12 - Mexican Band Plan Defined on March 2008

Block Frequency Paired MHz Paired Total MHz
A 1710-1720 MHz 2110-2120 MHz 2x10 MHz 20 MHz
B1 1720-1725 MHz 2120-2125 MHz 2x5 MHz 10 MHz
B2 1725-1730 MHz 2125-2130 MHz 2x5 MHz 10 MHz
C 1730-1735 MHz 2130-2135 MHz 2x5 MHz 10 MHz
D 1735-1740 MHz 2135-2140 MHz 2x5 MHz 10 MHz
E 1740-1745 MHz 2140-2145 MHz 2x5 MHz 10 MHz
F 1745-1755 MHz 2145-2155 MHz 2x10 MHz 20 MHz

Source: SCT, CoFeTel.

The licensing process could reasonably be expected to happen towards the end of 2009 or
beginning of 2010 given operator needs for additional spectrum. Existing operators are
increasingly seeking to compete by offering 3G in some regions within current spectrum
assignments. The government is aware of the importance of allocating new spectrum as soon
as possible to facilitate broadband penetration and economic growth. President Calderon’s
government objective, as set out in the National Program of Infrastructure 2007-2012, aims to
achieve 22% broadband penetration by 2012, compared to current fixed broadband penetration
of around 6%. Wireless broadband appears integral to achieving the 2012 target.

Argentina. The telecom regulator SeCom (Secretaría de Comunicaciones), which is part of the
Ministry of Infrastructure and Federal Planning, is planning to launch a 3G auction in the 1.7-2.1
GHz band in July 2009. In September 2008, SeCom and its counterpart telecom control entity,
the Comision Nacional de Comunicaciones (CNC), set up a technical working group to address
future spectrum licensing processes that began launching a TDD auction in the 3.5 GHz band
by the end of 2008. This group also has the mandate to further allocate vacant chunks of
spectrum in 850 MHz and 1900 MHz and is evaluating the potential allocation of the 700 MHz
band, which could become available after the digitalization of television15
.

SeCom seems to have everything ready to auction the AWS (1.7-2.1 GHz) band this year and is
hoping to attract a new entrant. Since 1998, a combined 50 MHz spectrum cap per operator in

14
SCT document ―Nuevo Programa de Licitacion de Frecuencias‖ March 31st, 2008.
15
The decision of a digital terrestrial TV standard has been consistently postponed by Argentine authorities.
However, unofficially it seems the country has already chosen the ISDV-T Japanese standard. Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 19 of 40

each region has been effective in the country. This is an issue the regulator will have to address
if it wants incumbent operators to access this spectrum. The Argentine mobile market is very
competitive and ranks first in the region in terms of mobile penetration, reaching 115% as of
March 31, 2009. In addition, Argentina has a vibrant broadband market with fixed penetration
now approaching 9%. Demand for mobile broadband is expected to increase significantly in the
near future, and more spectrum availability will certainly facilitate growth. If the AWS auction
occurs as scheduled in July 2009, operators might launch operations in this band as early as
the second quarter of 2010.

Colombia. The 1.7-2.1 GHz band is reserved for IMT-2000 services by the Ministry of
Communications, which is the national authority in charge of spectrum management. Although
no license timing has been announced, the Ministry is believed to be working to publish a
proposal to structure the AWS band shortly. The Ministry is very interested in promoting mobile
broadband and the provision of new data services, including tourism, geo-location, logistics, and
mobile banking and, on April 17th 2009, launched a licensing program for 90 MHz in the 2.5-
2.69 GHz band. In addition, it has been reported by different news sources that the Ministry
plans to grant an additional 15 MHz in the 1900 MHz band for the two largest incumbent mobile
operators, Comcel (America Movil) and Movistar (Telefonica Moviles). These two operators,
together with the third market player, Tigo (Millicom), have all reached to the top of the 40 MHz
spectrum cap that is allowed for mobile operators, the most restrictive spectrum cap per
operator in Latin America. The 2.6 GHz band licensing proposal would allow moving this cap
from the existing 40 MHz to 60 MHz.

Other Latin American Countries. Most other Latin American countries also attribute the 1.7-
2.1 GHz band for IMT-2000 services in their respective national frequency plans. Still,
according to discussions with regulators responsible for allocating spectrum, many are holding
off on developing a licensing program until major MNOs specifically request additional
spectrum. However, based on increasing mobile penetration rates, larger countries such as
Venezuela—with greater than 100% penetration—Peru and Ecuador are likely candidates to
launch licensing programs soon after Chile, Mexico, Argentina and Colombia. By contrast,
Central American countries—where in many cases the AWS band is not yet on the minds of
regulators—are further off, with licensing perhaps not until 2012.
Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 20 of 40

V. Insights from Carriers and Vendors

Discussions with leading wireless equipment vendors and AWS-band wireless operators
produced a number of findings, many of which were surprisingly consistent. At a high level,
vendors and operators concurred that (1) the AWS band is very similar to existing mobile
wireless bands, (2) no technical roadblocks prevent delivery of equipment/handsets in scale,
and (3) AWS product demand is accelerating on the back of T-Mobile USA’s deployment.
However, a commonly noted challenge relates to mobile baseband chipsets supporting a limited
number of frequency bands. The good news is that newly announced products are expected to
support more simultaneous bands in 2010, enabling full voice and data roaming across all
regional and global bands such as 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz and 2.1GHz, in
addition to AWS 1.7-2.1 GHz.

Key findings are outlined below and suggest that a healthy AWS ecosystem is developing to
support HSPA deployment and additional licensing throughout the Americas.

 The AWS band is sufficiently similar to other frequency bands and has similar
propagation characteristics. Close frequency proximity to IMT-2000 and PCS bands
is enabling rapid product development and network deployment. With relatively minor
engineering adjustments, vendors already offering 1800/1900 MHz band products can
readily support AWS-band products. On the operator side, network planning and
deployment in the AWS band is largely comparable to deploying in the 1900 MHz band
across various morphologies (urban, suburban, and rural).

"For Operators around the world, nothing is more central to reliably serving
customers, than having access to high quality radio spectrum. We know from
experience at T-Mobile, that each band has its merits; the lower UHF bands
provide excellent propagation characteristics yet typically have limited
availability and smaller spectrum allocations. The higher bands, above 2.6GHz,
usually have larger spectrum allocations, yet they do not provide the same
valuable propagation benefits of the lower bands. For operators wishing to
balance both capacity and propagation characteristics, the "sweet spot" lies
between 1GHz and 2GHz on the spectrum chart. Consequently, the AWS band is
ideal for delivering great voice and mobile broadband services to customers.”
Neville Ray, Senior Vice President, Engineering Operations – T-Mobile USA

 AWS infrastructure equipment and devices are ready today. Given the close
relationship to the other bands, AWS infrastructure equipment and devices are available
in scale today, with increased volumes forthcoming.

“At T-Mobile USA, we are working with our suppliers to deliver a broad range of
innovative AWS-banded devices to market. Our suppliers share our vision of the
value the AWS band enables. Consistently, we observe suppliers leveraging
investments made previously for the 1.9/2.1 band, and delivering high performing
and price competitive AWS-banded devices. The AWS device eco-system is
broadening each day and is tied to the burgeoning growth of 3G globally.”
Neville Ray, Senior Vice President, Engineering Operations – T-Mobile USA
Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 21 of 40

o Production cost curves are comfortable and improving. According to several
vendors, cost curves are not all that different from mainstream products today
and are not slowing the introduction of AWS products. Moreover, the component
supply chain—particularly semiconductor players—appears ready and excited to
support AWS hardware in scale.

“Qualcomm has long recognized the value of the AWS spectrum in the
Americas as a logical extension of the existing 3G bands. Therefore, we
have designed and implemented virtually across all of our chipset
solutions to support our customers and operators with this capability.”
Alex Katouzian, Vice President, Qualcomm CDMA Technologies

o Infrastructure ramping. T-Mobile USA reports no problems with HSPA
equipment procurement and expects to cover more than 200 million POPs by
year-end 2009, up from 107 million POPs covered at year-end 2008. New
entrant Stelera Wireless is also progressing with HSPA market expansion,
aiming to cover 55 cities across the Midwestern United States by June 2009 and
110 cities by year-end 2010.

“Ericsson is a leader in AWS build outs, having provided infrastructure to
T-Mobile USA to support its deployment of HSPA in the band. We look
forward to further expanding AWS coverage bringing the benefits of high
capacity, mobile broadband networks to consumers throughout the
Americas”
Barbara Baffer, VP Public Affairs and Regulations, Ericsson Inc

o Devices growing more plentiful. According to T-Mobile USA, Motorola, Nokia,
Samsung, Huawei, HTC and Sony Ericsson all have products in the AWS band
today. Importantly, T-Mobile USA is ―seeing a healthy supply of AWS-banded
handset products from all major suppliers.‖ Further, of the operator’s 48 total
devices currently offered, nine support the AWS band, and management expects
approximately 50% of the portfolio will support AWS within one year,
approximately 80% within two years, and more than 90% in five years.

o Innovative Broadband devices. In addition to handsets, AWS banded data
cards, modems and routers are also becoming more available. BandRich, Huawei
and Option, for example, have all either launched or are planning to launch AWS-
banded data devices in 2009.

o Field test tools. To speed up network deployment, field test tool for AWS band
network performance measurement and tuning is of critical importance. ASCOM,
Anite and BandRich are coming out with AWS banded field test tools to support
the network deployment ramp up.

 Device caveat and roaming – devices currently support only two simultaneous
“high” bands. At present, devices can handle a maximum of two simultaneous high
bands only (e.g., 1900 MHz and 2100 MHz), and third-generation mobile devices
typically support three frequency bands total. The operator can specify two low (e.g.,
800 MHz/900 MHz) and one high (e.g., 1900 MHz), or the opposite (one low, two high). Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 22 of 40

As a result, in the short-term 3G roaming service in certain countries may be limited
depending upon band selection by the operator. Fortunately, multiple vendors are
introducing handsets capable of supporting three (or more) simultaneous high bands
with volume shipments available in 2010. T-Mobile USA is currently prioritizing high
bands over lower bands due to the operator’s spectrum asset portfolio in the United
States and abroad.

 AWS spectrum clearing not a roadblock in the United States. Based on the rapid
deployments of T-Mobile USA, MetroPCS, and Leap Wireless, relocation of incumbent
users has not materially obstructed AWS network deployment. Specifically, T-Mobile
indicated that ―relocation of incumbents is progressing well and T-Mobile USA now sees
a clear path to serving the majority of US POPs this year.‖ Early on, working with the
various US Government agencies to clear the AWS spectrum was reportedly challenging
for T-Mobile. That said, once they established the right kind of relationships,
demonstrated their commitment and built mutual trust; they found the US Government
agencies quite easy to deal with.

 T-Mobile USA is trailblazing to achieve rapid AWS subscriber penetration. While
the initial market opportunity was small for potential suppliers, the addressable market is
quickly expanding. T-Mobile USA expects to drive device and subscriber penetration
rapidly over the next several years, with approximately one-half of the operator’s
subscriber base—or an estimated 20 million subscribers—expected to be on HSPA in
the AWS band in two years and more than 90% in five years. Further, the operator
foresees AWS inclusion in all network devices as soon as the latter part of 2010, when
chipsets support three high bands. The success of MetroPCS and Leap Wireless on the
CDMA side also spurs HSPA operators to move rapidly in the AWS band.

 Areas for industry-wide collaboration. The emerging AWS ecosystem points to
several important areas to drive AWS forward:

o Allocate and license AWS spectrum where available, while emphasizing global
harmonization of spectrum bands and technology neutrality.

o Promote the compatibility of the band in relation to the 1.9/2.1 GHz core band
and also PCS 1900 MHz, which have similar propagation characteristics and
operate well on similar cell site grid spacing.

o Highlight the growing portfolio of available AWS devices and demonstrate that
the band exhibits attractive propagation characteristics suitable for 2G, 3G and
future 4G systems. Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 23 of 40

VI. Sample of Commercially Available Devices

As highlighted elsewhere in this report, many AWS-enabled devices have been commercially
launched in the marketplace and many more are in the pipeline and in the development or
testing phases now. Following is just a sample of some of the devices which have already been
commercially launched.

Handsets

Samsung -
Memoir

Samsung -
t639

Samsung -
Android I7500

Samsung -
Behold

Samsung -
t819

Pharos -
Traveler 137

Sony Ericsson -
TM-506

Sony Ericsson -
XPERIA X1

Sony Ericsson -
TM506

Sidekick -
LX

Nokia -
3555

Nokia -
6263

HTC -
G1
USB
Modems

webConnect -
USB Stick

Franklin W. -
CGU-720

BandRich -
C105

BandRich -
C105

FLYCARD -
FLY-H1
Wireless
Routers/
Data
Cards

FLYBOX -
FLY-HR2

Lightspeed -
ROUTER-240T

Lightspeed -
HSDPA-110V
Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 24 of 40

VII. AWS Total Addressable Market Forecast

The track record of AWS licensing in the United States and Canada, expectations for Latin
America, and interviews with regulators and industry participants all provide a basis for
establishing a five-year AWS subscriber and handset/device forecast model for the Americas.
Including network launches of T-Mobile, Leap Wireless, and MetroPCS last year, the United
States ended 2008 with an estimated 2.2 million customers in the band (perhaps two-thirds
HSPA and one-third CDMA). The continued push of these carriers and additional licensing
across the Americas brings total subscribers with AWS enabled devices to an estimated 177.8
million at year-end 2013, a compound annual growth rate of 94% from an estimated 12.4 million
at year-end 2009. As the subscriber base grows, estimated handset/device unit sales are also
expected to increase rapidly, reaching an estimated 114.5 million in 2013, an annual compound
growth rate of 80% from an estimated 10.9 million in 2009. Importantly, during this period, the
licensed AWS population (POPs) is projected to increase to an estimated 732 million from an
estimated 328 million at year-end 2008. Summary results are included in Figure 13 below.

Figure 13 – Forecast AWS Subscribers and Handsets for the Americas
-
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
180.0
200.0
2008 2009E 2010E 2011E 2012E 2013E
Estimated AWS Subscribers in Millions
-
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
Estimated Annual Device Units in Millions
EOP Subs
Implied AWS Device Unit Sales/Year

Source: GVP estimates, company and country reports.

Market launch assumptions. Based on insights for each country, the model assumes the
following for AWS network launches:

 US: since mid-2008 (fact)
 Canada: end 2009 (assumption)
 Chile: early 2010 (assumption) Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 25 of 40

 Argentina: mid-2010 (assumption)
 Mexico: end 2010 (assumption)
 Colombia: end 2010 (assumption)
 Rest of South America: assume 2011-2012, especially for large countries such as
Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador, and Paraguay
 Central America: assume licensing in 2012-2014

As noted previously, Brazil and Uruguay are following the 1.9-2.1 GHz IMT-2000 core band plan
and, accordingly, are excluded from our model.

Methodology. The model produces country-level forecasts that are rolled up into the Americas
forecast. For each country, the methodology incorporates the following:

 Wireless market penetration and implied covered POPs, total end-of-period (EOP)
wireless subscribers, gross additions, disconnects (churn), and net additions.

 Three scenarios—low, base case, and high—for AWS subscriber penetration of total
market subscribers in each year.

 Assumed AWS churn rates, handset/device upgrade rates, and handset/device discount
rates drive total estimated AWS handset units in each year. The handset/device
discount is applied to capture refurbished and gray market handsets, as well as multiple
SIM cards that are included in calculated gross subscriber additions.

AWS penetration assumptions. Penetration assumptions in each market are the most critical
variable. For all of the Americas, the model assumes gradual AWS penetration in the early
years and acceleration in 2011-2013 as additional licensing is completed. The percentage of
total market subscribers is estimated at 23% in 2013, up from an estimated 2% in 2009.
Notably, forecast penetration is still below the approximate 30% of total licensed spectrum in
each market that AWS spectrum will likely represent.

Figure 14 – Forecast Subscribers with AWS-Enabled Devices
Sub Figures in Millions 2008 2009E 2010E 2011E 2012E 2013E
Assumed % EOP Subs with AWS Capable Devices
% Non-AWS Devices 99.6% 98.0% 96.0% 89.9% 84.1% 77.4%
% AWS 1.7/2.1 GHz 0.4% 2.0% 4.0% 10.1% 15.9% 22.6%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Implied EOP Subscribers
Non-AWS 574.7 619.7 653.1 649.5 637.6 609.2
AWS 1.7/2.1 GHz 2.2 12.4 27.4 73.0 120.1 177.8
Total 576.9 632.1 680.5 722.4 757.7 787.0

Source: GVP estimates, company and country reports.

Detailed forecast results and scenario analysis. The model output summary for the
Americas is included in Figure 15 below, highlighting certain of the key subscriber and
handset/device assumptions from a global level.
Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 26 of 40

Figure 15 – AWS Subscriber and Handset/Device Forecast for the Americas – Base Case
Sub/Device Figures in Millions 2008 2009E 2010E 2011E 2012E 2013E
AWS Band Sub/Device Assumptions
BOP Subs - 2.2 12.4 27.4 73.0 120.1
Gross Additions 2.2 11.2 19.6 60.3 75.5 102.0
Disconnects - (0.9) (4.7) (14.7) (28.3) (44.3)
Net Additions 2.2 10.3 15.0 45.6 47.2 57.7
EOP Subs 2.2 12.4 27.4 73.0 120.1 177.8
% Change Y/Y 476% 120% 166% 65% 48%
Average Subs 1.1 7.3 19.9 50.2 96.5 148.9
Monthy Churn Rate 0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 2.4% 2.4% 2.5%
Annual Upgrade Rate as % BOP Subs 0% 2% 5% 10% 15% 17%
Estimated Upgrade Units - 0.0 0.6 2.7 10.6 20.9
SIM/Refurbished Discount as % of GAs 0% 3% 5% 6% 7% 8%
SIM/Refurbished Discount Units - 0.3 1.0 3.5 5.2 8.3
Implied AWS Device Unit Sales/Year 2.2 10.9 19.3 59.4 80.9 114.5
% Change Y/Y 388% 78% 208% 36% 42%
Cumulative AWS Device Unit Sales 2.2 13.1 32.4 91.8 172.8 287.3

Source: GVP estimates, company and country reports.

AWS networks in the United States are expected to represent the lion’s share of all Americas
subscribers and handsets/device in the AWS band. The model assumes that LTE networks
and/or incremental AWS capacity radios are introduced in 2010-11, leading to a step function in
US AWS subscribers and device sales. Estimates by country are included in Figures 16 and
17 below.

Figure 16 – Estimated EOP AWS Subscribers by Market – Base Case
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
180.0
200.0
2009E 2010E 2011E 2012E 2013E
Subscribers in Millions
All Other LatAm
Venezuela
Peru
Colombia
Chile
Argentina
Mexico
Canada
United States

Source: GVP estimates, company and country reports.

Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 27 of 40

Figure 17 - Estimated AWS Device Unit Sales per Year by Market – Base Case
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
2009E 2010E 2011E 2012E 2013E
Handset Units in Millions
All Other LatAm
Venezuela
Peru
Colombia
Chile
Argentina
Mexico
Canada
United States

Source: GVP estimates, company and country reports.

An approximate 5% swing in 2013 penetration increases/decreases subscribers by
approximately 36 million customers and device sales by approximately 27 million units. Results
for the three different penetration scenarios included in the model are illustrated in Figure 18
below.

Figure 18 – Scenario Analysis: Results from Low Case, Base Case, and High Case
Sub/Device Figures in Millions 2008 2009E 2010E 2011E 2012E 2013E
Scenarios:
Penetration of EOP Subs with AWS Devices
1 Low 0.2% 1.7% 3.4% 7.9% 13.4% 18.0%
2 Base Case 0.4% 2.0% 4.0% 10.1% 15.9% 22.6%
3 High 0.5% 2.2% 4.6% 12.3% 18.3% 27.2%
AWS Subscribers
1 Low 1.4 10.7 23.4 57.0 101.8 141.6
2 Base Case 2.2 12.4 27.4 73.0 120.1 177.8
3 High 3.0 14.2 31.4 88.9 138.4 214.0
AWS Devices
1 Low 1.4 9.8 16.4 45.1 71.7 87.6
2 Base Case 2.2 10.9 19.3 59.4 80.9 114.5
3 High 3.1 12.0 22.1 73.8 90.1 141.5

Source: GVP estimates, company and country reports.

Forecast caveats. The model depends on a number of assumptions, including timing and
operator application of spectrum—for new advanced services or for fill-in capacity/coverage to
complement existing voice/data services. In addition, each operator has different needs and
objectives depending upon existing spectrum portfolios and footprints.
Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 28 of 40

VIII. Alternate Spectrum Bands and Issues That May Impact AWS
Band
700 MHz Band. The migration to digital terrestrial television from analog TV is freeing part of
the UHF band to mobile services. This band is known as the ―digital dividend.‖ The United
States was the first country to license this band at 700 MHz in 2008. In the Americas—and
more broadly in the world today—no other country has licensed the band except the United
States. Canada and Chile are in the early stages of planning this band for wireless services,
while most other countries are likely to do so only after 2015, as migration from analog to digital
TV will likely take longer in these countries. In fact, only a few Latin American countries have
begun the introduction of digital TV signals (notably Brazil). In Europe, most countries are
currently beginning to plan the band for licensing in the next three to five years.
AWS versus 700 MHz in the United States. The 700 MHz auction was important in the US
market because of the prime location of the band for mobile services and because it was the
last large parcel of spectrum identified for auction in the foreseeable future. The auction raised
over $19 billion and 101 bidders won 1,090 licenses. While T-Mobile did not participate in the
auction, other major AWS winners also won licenses in the 700 MHz auction, including Verizon,
members of SpectrumCo and AT&T. Given very favorable propagation characteristics at the
lower frequency and more stringent build-out requirements, companies that hold spectrum in
both bands may give priority to 700 MHz holdings over AWS. However, as described earlier,
growing voice/data network traffic will necessitate deployment in all available bands over time.
Moreover, network equipment and handsets are available for the AWS band today, whereas
more time is needed to bring commercial hardware to market for the 700 MHz band.
2.6 GHz. The 2500-2690 MHz band is aligned across all ITU regions. This harmonization can
have a significant impact on equipment availability due to global economies of scale. There are
distinct internal band designs, though, with the central issue being the separation between
frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD) within the band to prevent
technical interference. The most common band design is the International Telecommunications
Union’s option 1 (2x70 MHz for FDD with 50 MHz for TDD at the center of the band). In the
Americas, many countries have used the band for MMDS cable-TV and are now converting the
band for mobile broadband. In the United States, a consortium between Sprint and Clearwire is
using the band for TDD only technologies (WiMax). In Canada, the regulator is discussing how
to set up the band for both FDD and TDD. In Latin America, most regulators are discussing the
utilization of ITU’s option 1 to introduce both FDD and TDD technologies, which would allow the
band to be utilized in a more technology neutral way for both LTE and WiMax. Chile has
already planned 2.6 GHz according to ITU’s option 1. In Europe, the 2.6 GHz band has begun
to be licensed for mobile according to ITU’s option 1. Norway and Sweden have licensed it, and
most other European countries are planning to license it in the next three years. Hong Kong has
also successfully licensed the 2.6 GHz band.
AWS-2 and AWS-3 spectrum. Since carving out AWS-1 spectrum in 2002, the United States
identified an additional 20 MHz of spectrum in the bands 1915-1920 MHz paired with 1995-2000
MHz, 2020-2025 MHz paired with 2175-2180 MHz, collectively referred to as AWS-2, and 20
MHz of spectrum in the bands 2155-2175 MHz (adjacent to the 2110-2155 MHz band of AWS-1
and the 2175-2180 MHz band of AWS-2), known as AWS-3.
16
If AWS-2 and AWS-3 are made

16
Both the AWS-2 and AWS-3 bands are the subject of further rulemaking proceedings at the FCC involving technical standards
and interference issues and no final service rules have been released. No auction dates will be set until the rules are released, and Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 29 of 40

available for mobile terrestrial services as expected, they will bring the total spectrum allocated
to AWS services to 130 MHz. The FCC has not yet released rules for AWS-2 or AWS-3, but is
expected to do so in the coming year with a possible auction in 2010.
AWS-3 technical issues. FCC proceedings related to the AWS-3 service rules could have an
impact on the value of T-Mobile’s AWS-1 spectrum holdings. In developing network plans, T-
Mobile seemingly assumed that the AWS-3 licensee would use FDD technology. However,
M2Z—one of the most vocal potential AWS-3 new entrants—is interested in deploying a TDD
network. T-Mobile argues that a two-way operation in the adjacent AWS-3 spectrum would
require technical rules that specify stringent guard bands. Therefore, if the AWS-3 rules are not
structured to require the AWS-3 licensee to implement guard bands, its AWS-1 spectrum would
be impacted. The debate over the AWS-3 service rules is the subject of a continuing
rulemaking at the FCC fueled mainly by the M2Z petition to the FCC.
Potential for incremental US spectrum licensing. In response to growing wireless demand,
the new US administration has pledged to assess current governmental spectrum allocations
and consider more government to commercial reallocations in the future. On March 19, 2009,
Senators John Kerry (D-Massachusetts) and Olympia Snowe (R-Maine) introduced legislation
that would require the FCC and the National Telecommunications and Information
Administration (NTIA)
17
to conduct an inventory of radio spectrum within 180 days of enactment.
While no specific bands have yet been identified for reallocation from government to commercial
use, a CTIA report supports the conclusion that there isn’t a near-term solution to the spectrum
drought, ―Given the long timeframes involved in going from planning to auction to deployment,
as experienced with the AWS and 700 MHz bands, planning for new spectrum should begin as
soon as possible.‖
18
With no concrete plans for making more spectrum available, and with the
process of identifying, reallocating and then auctioning spectrum optimistically taking at least
several years to complete, the large AWS and 700 MHz bands remain especially important to
commercial mobile providers.

an auction will not likely occur until at least six months after release of final rules, putting the earliest AWS-2 and AWS-3 auction
sometime in 2010. In June 2008, the FCC sought comment on whether to include the 2175-2180 MHz band in AWS-3 as opposed
to AWS-2, which would reduce AWS-2 to 15 MHz and increase AWS-3 to 25 MHz. The FCC has not yet reached a decision on the
matter. (Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, FCC 08-158, released June 20, 2008.)
17
The NTIA is part of the US Department of Commerce and, among other things, regulates the spectrum held by the US
Government.
18
CTIA report at 24. Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 30 of 40

IX. Conclusions

Analysis of spectrum policy, industry traffic trends, AWS auctions to-date, and the total
addressable market across the Americas, as well as discussions with AWS industry participants
and regulators, point to a number of key findings:

 AWS spectrum was identified by ITU for IMT2000 standards and is regionally
harmonized by CITEL.

 Public policy that supports IMT-2000 technologies in the AWS band benefits economic
growth.

 Prices paid for AWS spectrum in US and Canada reveals high market demand.

 AWS band is sufficiently similar to other frequency bands and HSPA ecosystem is ready
today.

 Production cost curves are comfortable and improving.

 Addressable market is rapidly expanding.

 Meaningful growth in AWS subscribers and handset volumes is projected for the
Americas.

 Operators are interested in accelerated licensing in Latin America.

 In Conclusion:

 The AWS spectrum band is very well-suited to add significant and valuable
bandwidth effectively and efficiently for wireless operators and consumers
throughout the Americas

 AWS-capable devices and handsets are available and gaining critical mass
with no visible limitations that might inhibit a strong and robust device
ecosystem.

 Infrastructure is readily available and operator interest is high.

 Regulators throughout Latin America should promptly and rationally make this
valuable spectrum available to meet the rapidly growing needs of the
consumers in their hungry marketplaces

Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 31 of 40

Glossary

CDMA. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) assigns unique codes to each communication
transmission to differentiate it from others in the same spectrum. 2G CDMA standards are
branded cdmaOne and include IS-95A and IS-95B. The two primary IMT-2000 third-generation
(3G) standards, CDMA2000 and WCDMA, are based on CDMA.

EOP. End of Period (EOP) typically refers to the value or amount as reported at the end of a
measurement period.

FDD. Frequency Division Duplex (FDD), used in cellular communication systems such as GSM,
is a radio technology using a paired spectrum.

HSPA. HSPA is the set of technologies that defines the migration path for 3G/WCDMA
operators worldwide. HSPA, which uses the FDD transmission scheme, includes HSDPA (High
Speed Downlink Packet Access), HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access) and HSPA
Evolved.

GSM. GSM (Global System for Mobile communications: originally from Groupe Spécial Mobile)
is an open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services. GSM
is used by over 4 billion customers across more than 219 countries and territories.

LTE. Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the next step from 3G/WCDMA and HSPA for operators
already on the GSM technology platform, as well as other operators seeking an alternate
evolution path. LTE is a new radio access technology and will be optimized to deliver very fast
data speeds of up to 100 Mb/s downlink and 50 Mb/s uplink (peak rates).

TDD. Time Division Duplexing (TDD) refers to a transmission scheme that allows an
asymmetric flow for uplink and downlink transmission that is more suited to data transmission.
In a Time Division Duplex system, a common carrier is shared between the uplink and downlink,
the resource being switched in time. Users are allocated one or more timeslots for uplink and
downlink transmission.

UMTS. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a 3G mobile wireless
standard that is also being developed into a 4G technology. UMTS uses wideband CDMA
(WCDMA) as the underlying air interface and is standardized by the 3rd
Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP).

Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 32 of 40

Appendix

Forecast Model – Americas Summary
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
Sub/Device Figures in Millions 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009E 2010E 2011E 2012E 2013E
SUMMARY - US, Canada, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, All Other LatAm
Covered POPs 662.5 670.7 677.8 685.7 692.8 698.2 705.5 714.0 723.0 732.0
% Change Y/Y 1.2% 1.1% 1.2% 1.0% 0.8% 1.1% 1.2% 1.3% 1.3%
Market Penetration - Cov'd POPs 45% 56% 66% 75% 83% 91% 96% 101% 105% 108%
Penetration Lift 10.8% 9.5% 9.5% 8.0% 7.3% 5.9% 4.7% 3.6% 2.7%
BOP Subs 218.0 301.2 377.2 445.7 515.8 576.9 632.1 680.5 722.4 757.7
Gross Additions 165.9 168.3 181.1 206.8 220.2 228.9 235.0 238.4 241.1 244.8
Disconnects (82.7) (92.3) (112.7) (136.7) (159.1) (173.7) (186.7) (196.5) (205.8) (215.5)
Net Additions 83.2 76.0 68.5 70.1 61.1 55.2 48.3 41.9 35.3 29.3
EOP Subs 301.2 377.2 445.7 515.8 576.9 632.1 680.5 722.4 757.7 787.0
% Change Y/Y 38% 25% 18% 16% 12% 10% 8% 6% 5% 4%
Average Subs 259.6 339.2 411.4 480.7 546.4 604.5 656.3 701.4 740.1 772.4
Monthy Churn Rate 2.7% 2.3% 2.3% 2.4% 2.4% 2.4% 2.4% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3%
Sub Figures in Millions 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009E 2010E 2011E 2012E 2013E
Assumed % EOP Subs with AWS Capable Devices
% Non-AWS Devices 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 99.6% 98.0% 96.0% 89.9% 84.1% 77.4%
% AWS 1.7/2.1 GHz 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 2.0% 4.0% 10.1% 15.9% 22.6%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Implied EOP Subscribers
Non-AWS 301.2 377.2 445.7 515.8 574.7 619.7 653.1 649.5 637.6 609.2
AWS 1.7/2.1 GHz - - - - 2.2 12.4 27.4 73.0 120.1 177.8
Total 301.2 377.2 445.7 515.8 576.9 632.1 680.5 722.4 757.7 787.0
Scenarios:
Penetration of EOP Subs with AWS Devices
1 Low 0.2% 1.7% 3.4% 7.9% 13.4% 18.0%
2 Base Case 0.4% 2.0% 4.0% 10.1% 15.9% 22.6%
3 High 0.5% 2.2% 4.6% 12.3% 18.3% 27.2%
AWS Subscribers
1 Low 1.4 10.7 23.4 57.0 101.8 141.6
2 Base Case 2.2 12.4 27.4 73.0 120.1 177.8
3 High 3.0 14.2 31.4 88.9 138.4 214.0
AWS Devices
1 Low 1.4 9.8 16.4 45.1 71.7 87.6
2 Base Case 2.2 10.9 19.3 59.4 80.9 114.5
3 High 3.1 12.0 22.1 73.8 90.1 141.5
Sub/Device Figures in Millions 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009E 2010E 2011E 2012E 2013E
AWS Band Sub/Device Assumptions - Base Case Scenario -
BOP Subs - - - - - 2.2 12.4 27.4 73.0 120.1
Gross Additions - - - - 2.2 11.2 19.6 60.3 75.5 102.0
Disconnects - - - - - (0.9) (4.7) (14.7) (28.3) (44.3)
Net Additions - - - - 2.2 10.3 15.0 45.6 47.2 57.7
EOP Subs - - - - 2.2 12.4 27.4 73.0 120.1 177.8
% Change Y/Y 476% 120% 166% 65% 48%
Average Subs - - - - 1.1 7.3 19.9 50.2 96.5 148.9
Monthy Churn Rate - - - - 0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 2.4% 2.4% 2.5%
Annual Upgrade Rate as % BOP Subs - - - - 0% 2% 5% 10% 15% 17%
Estimated Upgrade Units - - - - - 0.0 0.6 2.7 10.6 20.9
SIM/Refurbished Discount as % of GAs - - - - 0% 3% 5% 6% 7% 8%
SIM/Refurbished Discount Units - - - - - 0.3 1.0 3.5 5.2 8.3
- Base Case Scenario -
Implied AWS Device Unit Sales/Year - - - - 2.2 10.9 19.3 59.4 80.9 114.5
% Change Y/Y 388% 78% 208% 36% 42%
Cumulative AWS Device Unit Sales 2.2 13.1 32.4 91.8 172.8 287.3

Source: GVP estimates, company and country reports. Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 33 of 40

Forecast Model – Americas Summary: Covered POPs and AWS Licensing Assumptions
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
Sub/Device Figures in Millions 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009E 2010E 2011E 2012E 2013E
Total Covered POPs (All Mobile Wireless Networks)
United States 285.4 287.7 290.1 292.4 294.7 297.1 299.5 301.9 304.3 306.8
Canada 32.0 32.3 32.7 33.1 33.3 33.7 33.9 34.3 34.6 34.9
Mexico 104.9 106.3 107.8 109.6 110.6 109.7 111.0 113.3 115.9 118.5
Argentina 37.6 37.9 38.3 38.6 38.9 39.2 39.5 39.9 40.3 40.7
Chile 16.1 16.8 16.4 16.6 16.7 17.0 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7
Colombia 44.9 45.6 46.3 47.0 47.6 48.3 49.0 49.6 50.3 50.9
Peru 27.6 28.0 28.4 28.8 29.2 29.6 30.0 30.4 30.8 31.2
Venezuela 26.2 26.6 27.1 27.6 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.4 29.9 30.3
All Other LatAm (Excl Brazil & Uruguay) 87.8 89.3 90.7 92.2 93.7 95.1 96.6 98.0 99.4 100.9
Total Covered POPs 662.5 670.7 677.8 685.7 692.8 698.2 705.5 714.0 723.0 732.0
% Change Y/Y 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%
Total Mobile Wireless Spectrum Licensed
United States 144.0 144.0 234.0 234.0 294.0 294.0 314.0 314.0 334.0 334.0
Canada 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 265.0 265.0 265.0 265.0 265.0 265.0
Mexico 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 245.0 245.0 245.0 245.0
Argentina 170.0 170.0 170.0 170.0 170.0 260.0 260.0 260.0 260.0 260.0
Chile 140.0 140.0 140.0 170.0 170.0 260.0 260.0 260.0 260.0 260.0
Colombia - - - - 120.0 120.0 210.0 210.0 210.0 210.0
Peru - - - - 130.0 130.0 130.0 220.0 220.0 220.0
Venezuela - - - - 102.0 102.0 102.0 192.0 192.0 192.0
AWS Mobile Wireless Spectrum Licensed
United States - - 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 110.0 110.0 130.0 130.0
Canada - - - - 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
Mexico - - - - - - 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
Argentina - - - - - 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
Chile - - - - - 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
Colombia - - - - - - 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
Peru - - - - - - - 90.0 90.0 90.0
Venezuela - - - - - - - 90.0 90.0 90.0
Total AWS Licensed POPs
United States - - 290.1 292.4 294.7 297.1 299.5 301.9 304.3 306.8
Canada - - - - 33.3 33.7 33.9 34.3 34.6 34.9
Mexico - - - - - - 111.0 113.3 115.9 118.5
Argentina - - - - - 39.2 39.5 39.9 40.3 40.7
Chile - - - - - 17.0 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7
Colombia - - - - - - 49.0 49.6 50.3 50.9
Peru - - - - - - - 30.4 30.8 31.2
Venezuela - - - - - - - 29.4 29.9 30.3
All Other LatAm (Excl Brazil & Uruguay) 49.0 99.4 100.9
Total AWS Licensed POPs - - 290.1 292.4 328.1 387.0 550.0 665.0 723.0 732.0
AWS Spectrum as % of Total Mobile Wireless Spectrum
United States 0% 0% 38% 38% 31% 31% 35% 35% 39% 39%
Canada 0% 0% 0% 0% 34% 34% 34% 34% 34% 34%
Mexico 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 37% 37% 37% 37%
Argentina 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 35% 35% 35% 35% 35%
Chile 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 35% 35% 35% 35% 35%
Colombia 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 43% 43% 43% 43%
Peru 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 41% 41% 41%
Venezuela 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 47% 47% 47%

Source: GVP estimates, company and country reports, Raineri.

Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 34 of 40

Forecast Model – Americas “Base Case” Summary: EOP Total Subscribers, AWS Subscribers
and Handsets/Devices
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
Sub/Device Figures in Millions 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009E 2010E 2011E 2012E 2013E
Total EOP Subs (All Mobile Wireless Networks)
United States 184.7 214.3 232.1 252.1 266.9 284.0 298.7 310.7 320.4 329.1
Canada 15.6 17.5 19.3 20.9 22.5 23.9 25.0 26.1 27.0 27.3
Mexico 37.8 46.6 56.8 68.9 78.9 88.0 98.0 108.0 117.4 126.0
Argentina 13.0 21.4 30.2 38.6 43.6 47.5 50.6 53.0 54.8 55.5
Chile 9.6 11.7 13.1 14.6 15.9 17.3 18.3 19.2 19.8 20.4
Colombia 10.4 21.9 30.1 33.5 40.7 46.0 50.6 54.6 57.8 60.6
Peru 4.1 5.6 8.8 14.0 18.5 21.6 24.6 27.6 30.6 32.8
Venezuela 8.5 12.7 18.8 23.8 29.1 33.3 36.6 39.2 41.3 42.8
All Other LatAm (Excl Brazil & Uruguay) 17.5 25.5 36.5 49.5 60.9 70.6 78.1 84.0 88.7 92.5
Total EOP Subs 301.2 377.2 445.7 515.8 576.9 632.1 680.5 722.4 757.7 787.0
% Change Y/Y 25% 18% 16% 12% 10% 8% 6% 5% 4%
Estimated EOP AWS Subs
United States - - - - 2.2 12.4 26.5 68.6 107.3 149.2
Canada - - - - - 0.1 0.4 1.0 3.2 6.8
Mexico - - - - - - 0.2 1.6 4.1 10.1
Argentina - - - - - - 0.3 1.1 2.2 3.9
Chile - - - - - - 0.1 0.4 1.0 1.6
Colombia - - - - - - - 0.3 0.9 1.5
Peru - - - - - - - - 0.3 1.0
Venezuela - - - - - - - - 0.2 0.9
All Other LatAm (Excl Brazil & Uruguay) - - - - - - - - 0.9 2.8
Total EOP AWS Subs - - - - 2.2 12.4 27.4 73.0 120.1 177.8
% Change Y/Y - - - - - 476% 120% 166% 65% 48%
AWS Subs as % of Total EOP Subs
United States 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.8% 4.4% 8.9% 22.1% 33.5% 45.3%
Canada 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 1.5% 4.0% 12.0% 25.0%
Mexico 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 1.5% 3.5% 8.0%
Argentina 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.5% 2.0% 4.0% 7.0%
Chile 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.5% 2.0% 5.0% 8.0%
Colombia 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.5% 1.5% 2.5%
Peru 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.0% 3.0%
Venezuela 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.5% 2.0%
All Other LatAm (Excl Brazil & Uruguay) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.0% 3.0%
Total 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 2.0% 4.0% 10.1% 15.9% 22.6%
Estimated AWS Devices (Unit Sales/Year)
United States - - - - 2.2 10.8 18.4 55.6 70.8 93.3
Canada - - - - - 0.1 0.3 0.7 2.4 4.5
Mexico - - - - - - 0.2 1.6 3.3 8.1
Argentina - - - - - - 0.3 0.9 1.6 2.9
Chile - - - - - - 0.1 0.3 0.7 1.0
Colombia - - - - - - - 0.3 0.7 1.0
Peru - - - - - - - - 0.3 0.8
Venezuela - - - - - - - - 0.2 0.7
All Other LatAm (Excl Brazil & Uruguay) - - - - - - - - 0.9 2.3
Total AWS Devices - - - - 2.2 10.9 19.3 59.4 80.9 114.5
% Change Y/Y - - - - - 388% 78% 208% 36% 42%

Source: GVP estimates, company and country reports.

Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 35 of 40

Operator Data – Part One
Country Mobile Subs
Q408
Mobile
Penetration
Q408
MNO Subs per
operator
Q408
ARPU per
operator
Q408 (USD)
Churn
(monthly)
Q408
Total
Spectrum
licensed for
Mobile Ops
Broadband
Penetration
Q408
United States 266,891,975 90.50% Alltel 14,094,559 52.9 2.02%*
AT&T 77,009,000 50.8 1.60%
Centennial 661,100 65 2.50%
Leap 3,844,660 42.4 3.80%
Qwest 873,438 n/a
Sprint 48,338,000 54.3 2.25%
T-Mobile 32,758,000 49 3.30%
US Cellular 6,196,000 52.7
Verizon 72,056,000 51.9 1.35%
Other 11,061,218 n/a
Canada 22,505,066 67.50% Aliant 967,914 n/a
Bell 6,497,000 44.9 1.70%
FIRST Networks 3,450 n/a
Ice Wireless 19,840 n/a
MTS Allstream 434,776 47.6 1.47%
Rogers Wireless 7,942,000 52.8 1.48%
SaskTel 511,086 n/a
Telus 6,129,000 51.5 1.62%
Argentina 43,369,814 111.30% Claro 15,229,331 n/a
Movistar 14,829,600 11.7 1.80%
Personal 12,339,829 12.7
Nextel 971,054 43 1.90%
Chile 15,903,040 95% Claro 3,002,000 10.8 3.70%
Entel PCS 6,001,000 16.1 1.59%
Movistar 6,875,000 15.4 1.80%
Nextel 25,040 n/a
Mexico 78,941,658 71.40% Iusacell 4,483,369 n/a
Movistar 15,330,600 10.8 2.70%
Nextel 2,756,689 68 2.30%
Telcel 56,371,000 13.5 3.40%
Colombia 40,666,951 85.40% Comcel 27,390,000 7.5 2.30%
Movistar 9,963,100 8.2 3.70%
Tigo 3,313,851 n/a
593 MHz (ADL)
265MHz (ADL)
170 MHz (ADL)
140 MHz (ADL)
170 MHz
(Raineri)
120 MHz (ADL)
155MHz
(Raineri)
25.30%
8.30%
8.80%
26.90%
3.80% 120 MHz
(ADL)
5.90%

Source: Wireless Intelligence, Raineri, Hazlett.

Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 36 of 40

Operator Data – Part Two
Country Mobile Subs
Q408
Mobile
Penetration
Q408
MNO Subs per
operator
Q408
ARPU per
operator Q408
(USD)
Total
Spectrum
licensed for
Mobile Ops
Broadband
Penetration
Q408
18,442,869 63.20% Claro 7,178,000 7.6*
Movistar 10,612,700 7.8*
Nextel 652,169 30*
29,090,487 103.70% Digitel 6,902,958 n/a
Movilnet 11,603,529 19**
Movistar 10,584,000 26.77**
11,921,190 85.65% Alegro 494,690 n/a
Movistar 3,122,500 9.8
Porta 8,304,000 10
6,276,420 89.90% Claro 1,963,471 n/a
Digicel 458,129 n/a
Movistar 1,326,764 n/a
Tigo 2,528,056 n/a
Costa Rica 1,475,157 32.40% ICE 1,475,157 n/a 93 MHz
(Hazlet)
3.90%
5,928,214 76.80% Claro 1,468,538 n/a
Digicel 220,000 n/a
Hondutel 50,000 n/a
Tigo 4,239,676 n/a
11,612,993 83.30% Claro 4,205,044 n/a 1.20%
Movistar 2,994,430 n/a
Tigo 4,413,519 n/a
2,931,465 47.90% Claro 2,000,396 n/a 0.80%
Movistar 931,069 n/a
7,467,777 79.80% Claro 3,943,380 n/a 2.30%
Orange 2,401,000 n/a
Tricom 638,404 n/a
Viva 484,993 n/a
2,991,265 87.80% Mas Movil 1,887,849 n/a 4.20%
Movistar 1,103,416 n/a
49.56 MHz
(Hazlet)
n/a
84.84 MHz
(Hazlet)
140 MHz
(Hazlet)
1.90%
0.80%
137.87 MHz
(Hazlet)
65 MHz
(Hazlet)
1.30% 80 MHz
(Hazlet)
2.60% 80 MHz
(Hazlet) 130.3
MHz (Raineri)
4.10% 57 MHz
(Hazlet) 101.8
MHz (raineri)
Dominican
Republic
Peru
Venezuela
Ecuador
El Salvador
Honduras
Guatemala
Nicaragua
Panama
Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 37 of 40

Source: Wireless Intelligence, Raineri, Hazlett.

United States AWS Auction Blocks

Block
Frequency Bands
(MHz)
Total Bandwidth
Geographic
Area Type
No. of
Licenses
A 1710-1720 / 2110-2120 20 MHz CMA19
734
B 1720-1730 / 2120-2130 20 MHz EA20
176
C 1730-1735 / 2130-2135 10 MHz EA 176
D 1735-1740 / 2135-2140 10 MHz REAG21
12
E 1740-1745 / 2140-2145 10 MHz REAG 12
F 1745-1755 / 2145-2155 20 MHz REAG 12
Source: FCC, KB Enterprises LLC.

United States AWS Prices by Block

Block Band Revenue Price/MHz-Pop
A 1710-1720, 2110-2120 MHz $999,267,000 $.42
B 1720-1730, 2120-2130 MHz $727,470,000 $.45
C 1730-1735, 2130-2135 MHz $405,790,000 $.59
D 1735-1740, 2135-2140 MHz $380,549,000 $.65
E 1740-1745, 2140-2145 MHz $517,063,000 $.64
F 1745-1755, 2145-2155 MHz $1,147,364,000 $.77

Source: FCC, KB Enterprises LLC.

19
Cellular Market Areas (CMAs) were originally developed by the Federal Communications Commission for cellular mobile radio
service and include a total of 306 metropolitan statistical area (MSA) licenses and 428 rural service areas (RSA) license for a total of
734 license areas that cover the United States and its territories.
20
EAs (Economic Areas) refer to the market areas delineated by the Regional Economic Analysis Division, Bureau of Economic
Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce in February 1995. There are a total of 176 EAs that cover the United States and its
territories.
21
REAGs refer to the twelve Regional Economic Area Groupings that were developed by the Office of Engineering and Technology
at the Federal Communications Commission. Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 38 of 40

Canada AWS Auction Blocks

Block

Frequency Bands (MHz)
Total
Bandwidth
Geographic
Tier
22

No. of
Licenses
A 1710-1720 MHz / 2110-2120 MHz 20 MHz 3 59
B 1720-1730 MHz / 2120-2130 MHz 20 MHz 2 14
C 1730-1735 MHz / 2130-2135 MHz 10 MHz 2 14
D 1735-1740 MHz / 2135-2140 MHz 10 MHz 3 59
E 1740-1745 MHz / 2140-2145 MHz 10 MHz 3 59
F 1745-1755 MHz / 2145-2155 MHz 20 MHz 3 59
Source: Industry Canada, KB Enterprises LLC.

Figure 19 - Auction Prices for the Canadian AWS Spectrum by Block in US Dollars

Block Eligibility Band Revenue Price/MHz-Pop
A Open 1710-1720, 2110-2120 MHz $999,267,000 $1.67
B Set-aside 1720-1730, 2120-2130 MHz $727,470,000 $1.21
C Set-aside 1730-1735, 2130-2135 MHz $405,790,000 $1.35
D Set-aside 1735-1740, 2135-2140 MHz $380,549,000 $1.27
E Open 1740-1745, 2140-2145 MHz $517,063,000 $1.72
F Open 1745-1755, 2145-2155 MHz $1,147,364,000 $1.91
Source: Industry Canada, KB Enterprises LLC.

22
For spectrum auctions, Industry Canada divides Canada into geographic service areas called "tiers," based on the geographic
areas of Statistics Canada 1996 census subdivisions as follows: Tier 1 is a single national service area; Tier 2 consists of eight
provincial and six large regional service areas; Tier 3 consists of 59 regional service areas; and Tier 4 comprises 172 localized
service areas. For the AWS spectrum, the department adopted a range of Tier 2 and 3 service areas. Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 39 of 40

Canadian AWS Spectrum Auction by Region

Region A Block
20 MHz
B Block*
10 MHz
C Block*
10 MHz
D Block*
20 MHz
E Block
10 MHz
F Block
20 MHz
Newfoundland
Labrador
Rogers Bragg Bragg Globalive TELUS Bell
Nova Scotia Rogers Bragg Bragg Globalive TELUS Bell
New Brunswick Rogers Bragg Globalive Bragg TELUS Bell
Eastern Quebec Rogers Quebecor Quebecor Quebecor Bell TELUS
Southern Quebec Rogers Quebecor Quebecor Quebecor Bell TELUS
Northern Quebec Rogers Quebecor Quebecor Quebecor TELUS Bell
Eastern Ontario Rogers Quebecor Dave Globalive TELUS Bell
Southern Ontario Rogers Globalive Dave Dave/Bragg TELUS Bell
Northern Ontario Rogers Bragg Globalive Bragg/Shaw TELUS Bell
Manitoba Rogers MTS Shaw Globalive Shaw TELUS
Saskatchewan Rogers SaskTel SaskTel Shaw Globalive TELUS
Alberta Rogers Shaw Globalive Dave/Shaw Bell TELUS
British Columbia Roger Shaw Globalive Shaw/Dave Bell TELUS
Yukon, NWT &
Nunavut
Rogers Globalive Globalive Globalive TELUS Bell

* New entrant set-aside block. Source: Industry Canada, KB Enterprises LLC.

Canadian AWS Spectrum Holdings Compared to Overall Wireless Spectrum Holdings by Market

Licensee Service MHz Geography % of Total
Rogers AWS 20 National 29%
TELUS Communications AWS 10-20 National 25%
Bell Mobility AWS 10-20 National 23%
Quebecor AWS 50 Quebec 100%*
Shaw Communications AWS 10 Alberta 100%*
Bragg AWS 10 See above Markets 100%*
Dave AWS 10 Eastern and Southern Ontario 100%*
Globalive AWS 10-20 National 100%*
*As a new entrant, this entity holds only AWS spectrum. Source: Estimates based on Industry Canada data, KB Enterprises LLC.

Momentum Building in the AWS Band May 2009

Global View Partners, Inc. Copyright ©2009 All rights reserved. Page 40 of 40

Scott Fox
Chairman & CEO
Global View Partners
San Diego, CA USA

www.GlobalViewPartners.com

Meningkatkan Penerimaaan Sinyal HSDPA

2010-03-18T09:48:00.000-07:00

The expresscard modems have a place to attach an external antenna, so its relatively easy to use a roof mounted antenna with those.

Unfortunately the USB modems don't really have an antenna attachment (apparently there is one inside but you'd have to crack it open and solder an antenna in), so its not really an option.

However if you use a fairly long USB cable you might able to hang it in a window. Thats what I do when I have to and it does help. Try using a velcro thingy to place it in a window and see if it improves.Optus use 2100mhz at the moment which is not very good at penetrating buildings. THe modem will try to find a 3G/HSDPA signal but if it cant, it will fall back to GSM/GPRS. Locking the modem to 3G only in this case will just make the modem not detect any signal at all.

If moving the USB modem closer to a window doesnt help, the only way you can improve the signal is to get a modem which accepts an external antenna. Failing that, you will have to go use Telstra Next G.I cut around the mounting plastic so just the active coupler was left, and then attached it to the E220 with a rubber band. Its gone from 3bars GPRS to 2 bars 3G. I'm in a little utility room under the stairs that has bad reception for all mobiles (thats why there's an antenna to it). It seems the best place to attach it is on the front of the E220, not quite at the top. (I'll post a pic soon).

There a broomstick antenna mounted on the roof and with this coupler thing on it works perfectly! I just might try and mount the antenna on a vehicle (thats what it was designed for in the first place).

kerusakan Huawei E220 HSDPA USB Modem

2010-03-18T09:45:00.000-07:00

Huawei E220 Problem or PC Problem...?
My E220 modem on 3 in the UK wont transfer any data whilst receiving a 3G signal... Its fine when it receives HSDPA. I get a full 3Gsignal but it wont even open a web page... Is my PC at fault or is it the modem... I've no idea... Any clues would be most welcome...PLEASE...! Cant get it through to three support that its only on 3G where the problem is
try to ping a website when u are on the 3g network

steps to do so.

go to start > run>>

type cmd in the run command box & hit enter,

on the black command screen that comes up type ping www.yahooco.uk & hit enter check whats the response that u receive if it says received 0 pc if says received 4 all fine.

just try a manual network selection by going to settings & network & manual choose network & search

& select 3(3g) on the screen & register

if didnt help try to change the apn from three.co.uk to 3internet(all as it appears on the scvreen now)
to do this u need to go to settings click on connections & select new & then add a profile name make sure u dont replicate the existing name.

enter the number to dial as *99# ( its star 99 & a hash )

dont change anything else the apn will show as dynamic select static only then u will be able to add the apn in the space alloted.

hope these help u

dj.

technical support advisor from the 3uk team.
nugget101
10:08 03 Jan 08
4 Posts
already tried the ping test... it loses all when on a 3g signal. Tried manually registering, no change. I asked the support people if there were any other settings I could try they said no. I will try changing the APN and see how it goes. Fortunatley I've been receiving an HSDPA signal more often than not lately. Many thanks for the advice, its most appreciated.
anton_555
14:57 01 Jun 08
5 Posts

hi there,

did this issue ever get resolved??? was it a modem fault, PC fault or network fault????

i have exactly the same problem with the same modem on the three network. it works fine on HSDPA but as soon as it drops to normal 3G all transfers stop dead. Been into the three shop and neither them or the technical support line could work out what was wrong??????
<>It has worked fine for the last 2 months but has been like this for the past week. Also the first few times i try to connect i get a "connection failed" message even though there is full 3G signal when i try.
nugget101
15:28 07 Jun 08
4 Posts
Never got to the bottom of it i'm afraid.. I sent the modem back to them to have a look at but it came back three days later saying it was working OK. I got back on to the tech guys again and it all started going round in the same circle of them having no idea again. They eventually said there was a service limitation in my area...? Not true, had full signal all the time..? They just didnt have a clue... In the end I told them to stick it and under the sale of goods act I was cancelling my contract as they were not able to resolve the problem. They werent happy with that and they're still chasing me for the outstanding balance... I cancelled the DD and told em they getting nothing. Got sky broadband now, £5 a month for 40Gb... Its great.

How do I know what signal my modem is picking up?

2010-03-18T09:44:00.000-07:00

Explanation of modem signal types

The modem can pick up three different kinds of signal depending on what is available in your area.

* The first is called GPRS and its approximate speed is slightly faster than older dial up internet or up to 56.6 kilobits per second
* The second is called 3G and this is up to approximately 7 times faster (Up to 384 kilobits per second)
* The third is called HSDPA and this is up to approximately 20 times faster than 3G (Up to 7.2 Mb or 7200 kbps) in 3G areas if HSDPA is also available then the modem will switch to this while in use and switch back to 3G while idle.

It is possible to change the connection type to prefer one of these signals and select a different type if the preferred is not available. It is also possible to set the modem to detect only one of these types of signals

How to know what type of signal your modem is using

* When the modem is picking up GPRS signal it will have a green light (Please note this will also show if the modem is plugged in)
* When the modem is picking up 3G signal it will have a blue light.
* When the modem is picking up HSDPA signal it will have a light green/yellow light

It will also say on the main view screen of the Vodafone software the type of signal you are currently detecting.

How to know if you are connected

If you are connected the modems light will be solid rather than flashing. The Connect button on the main view of the Vodafone software will also have changed to a disconnect button.

Rangkaian Ampifier

2010-03-12T21:06:00.000-08:00

10W Audio Amplifier with Bass-boost Rangkaian Ampifier - amplifier circuit

As the amplifier circuit is also used to move a number of frequency loudspeaker, the volume of the bass frequencies will be reduced. Therefore it is necessary to set the bass-boost controls on fedback loop amplifier, this is done to address the decline in quality. Graph bass can reach a maximum of +16.4 dB @ 50Hz.
: 22K Log Potemsiometer (Dual gang for stereo) C3, 4 : 470uF/25V
P2 : 100K Log Potemsiometer (Dual gang for stereo) C6 : 47pF 63V ceramic ar polyester capasitor
R2, 4, 8 : 820R 1/4W C7 : 10nF 63V polyester capasitor
R1 : 4K7 1/4W C9 : 100nF 63V polyester capasitor
R3 : 500R 1/2W D1 : 1N4148 75V 150mA Diode
R5 : 82K 1/4W IC 1 : NE5532 Low noise Dual Op-amp
R6, 7 : 47K 1/4W Q1 : BC547B 45V 100mA NPN Transitor
R9 : 10R 1/2W Q2 : BC557B 45V 100mA PNP Transitor
R10 : 0,22 4W(wirewound) Q3 : TIP42A 60V 6A PNP Transistor
C1, 8 : 470nF 63V polyester capasitor Q4 : TIP41A 60V 6A NPN Transistor
C2, 5 : 100uF/25V J1 : RCA audio input socket
Note: This circuit can be connected directly to a CD player, tuner, and tape recorders. Q3 and Q4 must be in pairs with the heatsink.

Adjust the volume control at minimum position and R3 with a minimum value of resistance as well. try to switch the circuit set in R3 to read the flow of about 20 to 25mA. Wait for 15 minutes, connect the ground of A1, P1, C2, C3dan C4. Connect the output also C9 ground.

Diagram Pengendalian Jarak Jauh Telepon Seluler (Lanjutan)

2010-02-19T08:17:00.000-08:00

Drafting Software

The software is built using the language asembler, based on flow charts that have been compiled in Fig. Some pieces of the program used to handle the system is as follows.

To provide stand-by mode to HP will be sent commands AT + CNMI = 1.1. This command is sent to HP with the serial data transfer, the following program snippet illustrates the data transmission.

;———————

; AKTIVASI MODE STANBY

;———————

MODE_STANBY:

MOV DPTR,#PESAN ;KIRIM PERINTAH ‘AT+CNMI=1,1′

LAGI2:

CLR A ;RESET ACC

MOVC A,@A+DPTR ;AMBIL KARAKTER DARI TABEL

CLR TI ;AKTIVASI KIRIM SERIAL

MOV SBUF,A ;KELUARKAN DATA DARI ACC KE BUFFER

JNB TI,$ ;KIRIM SERIAL

INC DPTR ;NAIKKAN PENUNJUK TABEL

CJNE A,#00,LAGI2 ;TUNGGU SEMUA KARAKTER SELESAI

RET

;—————————————

PESAN:

DB ‘AT+CNMI=1,1′,13,10

DB 0

Jika ada SMS yang masuk, maka sistem akan membaca isi SMS dengan memberikan perintah AT+CMGR=1. Potongan program berikut digunakan untuk membaca isi SMS pada alamat 1.

;——————–

;SUB RUTIN BACA SMS

;——————–

BACA_SMS:

MOV DPTR,#SMSREAD ;BACA SMS

ACALL KIRIM_DATA ;KIRIM PERINTAH ‘AT+CMGR=1′

RET

Isi sms akan diproses apakah sesuai dengan kata kunci atau tidak, jika sesuai dengan kata kunci maka perintah akan dieksekusi. Jika terjadi error maka sistem akan memberikan SMS balasan ke user. Untuk membandingkan data SMS yang masuk dengan kata kunci maka digunakan potongan program berikut.

BANDING:

MOV DPTR,#L1ON ;AMBIL CODE PDU ‘DTE 1 ON’

MOV R0,#16 ;BANDNGKAN 12X

ACALL BANDING_KATA

JB 20H,DATA_BEDA2 ;JIKA BEDA LOMPAT KE LABEL

MOV 21H,#01 ;FLAG UNTUK ‘DTE 1 ON’

CLR LAMPU1

JMP SSS

DATA_BEDA2:

MOV DPTR,#L2ON ;BANDINGKAN APAKAH DATA

MOV R0,#16 ;’DTE 2 ON’?

ACALL BANDING_KATA

JB 20H,DATA_BEDA3

MOV 21H,#02 ;FLAG UNTUK ‘DTE 2 ON’

CLR LAMPU2

JMP SSS

;——————————–

L1ON: DB ‘08446A1114033D9D’

L2ON: DB ‘08446A1124033D9D’

L1OFF: DB ‘09446A1114033D8D46′

L2OFF: DB ‘09446A1124033D8D46′
Kode SMS

To give order to the system, not all known by SMS capable system. SMS only certain known that could have been adjusted by the system. Various plans kode-kode SMS are presented in Tabel below.

Plan Kode SMS

No

Isi SMS

Status

Kegunaan

1

DTE 1 ON

Valid

Menyalakan lampu 1

2

DTE 2 ON

Valid

Menyalakan lampu 2

3

DTE 1 OFF

Valid

Memadamkan lampu 1

4

DTE 2 OFF

Valid

Memadamkan lampu 2

5

CEK STATUS

Valid

Melihat status lampu 1 & 2

6

Lampu 1 on

Invalid

Pesan error (UNKNOW COMMAND)

7

Lampu 2 on

Invalid

Pesan error (UNKNOW COMMAND)

Pengendalian Jarak Jauh Menggunakan Telepon Seluler

2010-02-19T07:59:00.000-08:00

Now I have a lot of electric lighting control devices remotely using the remote to the media or infrared waves, but still rare equipment that can control the electric lights when they're at a distance by using the GSM provider facilities. So the design of an electric lamp control remote is trying to use SMS facility on mobile phones, which are expected to control and monitor electric light equipment remotely from any area of origin is still affordable GSM operator signal.

Hardware Box Diagram

Lighting control system with this SMS media, designed based on AT89S51 microcontroller based. Figure shows the block diagram of this instrument.

Block diagram of the system

Diagram shown in Fig overall system box. HP Siemens M35 is used as a SMS Gateway. HP with a microcontroller connected by using a data cable using RS232 serial communication. Types of communication used is UART model.

Microcontroller has a role as a base system. Microcontroller will read and communicate with HP, then control the light with the help of relay drivers, and to read sensors that have passed a comparator.

Drivers installed aims to control the lamp voltage acting on AC/220V. This is absolutely necessary because the microcontroller only works with TTL voltage levels and CMOS, and is unable to directly control the lights.

A phototransistor sensors are used to change the light conditions in the quantity of electricity. In order for an analog sensor that is able to be read by the microcontroller which is digital, so need to install a comparator. These comparators compare the charge for entering the sensor pin () op-amp with a reference voltage at pin (-) op-amp as dark or light and convert it into digital logic on its output pin. While the gate 74LS14 not have the ability to trigger a pulse on the data input and output of the IC sheet is already standard TTL that can be directly connected with microcontroller. Gate 74LS14 not also be used to reverse the situation so that the input voltage at high input value then the output will be low.

Microcontroller and mobile communication

To communicate between the microcontroller and mobile communication facilities required by the model serial UART speed to 19200bps HP Siemens M35 type. This speed will vary depending on the type of HP used. The voltage used is RS232. Meanwhile microcontroller only provides serial communication facilities UART TX pin, and Rx with RS232 voltage levels. This requires an adapter system that can change the TTL voltage levels to RS232 levels.

At HP Siemens M35 connector is for communicating with external devices. Usually this connector can be accessed by serial data cable. Generally, the data cable is equipped with a RS232 converter to the microcontroller requires an additional tool that the converter modules from TTL to RS232. Scheme presented in Fig serial communication circuit RS232.

RS232 communication

To meet the required standard RS232 communication converter IC MAX232. IC is manufactured by Maxim dallas semiconductor. In this IC system was equipped with a RS232 adapter that connects to live T1IN with pin pin TXD on P3.1 of microcontroller, and connects with R1IN pin RXD pin on P3.0 of the microcontroller.

On the HP before entering the terminal must be first converted into voltage levels that can be accessed by a Hand Phone. Generally, this conversion is automatically done by the data cable from Hand Phone is. Model data cable connection to the HP Siemens M35 described in Figure

Model data cable Hand Phone Siemens M35

Model presented in Figure data cable connection is compatible with the PC. Presented in Figure connections at HP Siemens M35. On this connector there are 2 pins as lines of communication. In connection Hand Phone Siemens M35, which pins should be connected in accordance with the function of each terminal. The functions of each device are presented in table

Fig Terminal port on the HP Siemens M35

Table Function HP Siemens M35 terminal

No	Nama	Fungsi	In/Out
1	GND	Ground
2	SELF SERVICE	Recognition / Battery Charger	In/Out
3	LOAD	Charging Voltage	In
4	BATTERY	Battery	Out
5	DATA OUT	Data Send	Out
6	DATA IN	Data Receive	In
7	Z_CLK	Recognition / Control Accesoris
8	Z_DATA	Recognition / Control Accesoris
9	MICG	Ground for Microphone	In
10	MIC	Microphone input
11	AUD	Loudspeaker output	Out
12	AUDG	Ground for Loudspeaker

Sensor dan Komparator

In the SMS application system to control the lamp is close the loop. It needs to be installed for the light sensor to monitor the light produced by light. In addition, the light sensor will also provide notification of interruptions or signal to the microcontroller.

This sensor uses the main components phototransistor. Phototransistor is a light sensitive component that works as a transistor works. Phototransistor output amplifier strengthened by the comparison or commonly referred to as the comparator. Comparator output is inserted into a Schmitt trigger input before accessible to the microcontroller. The purpose of the Schmitt trigger is installed, so that the output voltage level in accordance with TTL voltage levels. Images presented image sensor light.

Picture Sensor Light

The workings of this series is if exposed to light the phototransistor will be closed or small bertahanan. So that at the foot of the comparator non-inverting input will be of low value or lower than the inverting input voltage. So that the comparator output voltage will be low. This voltage will then be a logic behind higher by inverting Schmitt trigger that will be a 74LS14 logic 1. If not exposed to light the phototransistor resistance value would be high, or a transistor circuit load. Inverting input so that the value will be higher than non-inverting input. This will cause the comparator output high and then reversed by a 74LS14 Schmitt trigger is low.

So when exposed to light, the sensor output will be high, and if not exposed to the light sensor output will be low. Potentiometer R2 serves to adjust the voltage of comparison or reference voltage.

Relay Driver and Load

Microcontroller can issue 0V and 5V voltage. But in reality this voltage can not be used directly to drive the load. This is because the current can pass by the legs of a very small microcontroller. It needs to be installed for devices that can strengthen the flow, so it can be used to move the load. This tool usually called by the driver.

Driver circuit usually consists of power transistors. But for the load voltage of 220V AC switches need to install electronic device that relays. Ironically microcontroller relays are not able to move directly, it needs to be installed for the transistor. In Figure presented a driver for AC 220V lamp with microcontroller control.

Driver Picture lights

In Figure 3.7 driver circuit, the transistor used to drive the transistor FCS9012 TIP 31. This is done because the current from the microcontroller is too small. Meanwhile transistor TIP 31 is used to drive relays. The workings of this series is, if given a low or 0V logic of microcontroller port, then the T1 PNP will work or connected to the base of the NPN T2 will berlogika high, so the T2 NPN will work or connect. So if T2 is connected to a relay 12 VDC supply voltage. After the relay ON, then at the point of NO (Normaly open) will close and will be connected to phase 220 VAC and a current will flow into the lamp so the lamp 1 lights 1.

Conversely if the microcontroller port issue logic high (1), this situation would make T1 PNP will not work because the PNP transistor is active low, so no current flows into the pin base NPN T2 and not make the relay work. With this output relay will be connected to NC (Normally Close), so that the lamp will not light 1 as not connected with the voltage phase 220 VAC. Resistors 1 and 2 of this resistor is limiting the base current for transistors, resistors besanya values can be sought by way of a mathematical way to see the value of each HFE transistor from the data sheet.

Kontrol Kendaraan Jarak jauh dengan Handphone

2010-02-19T07:48:00.000-08:00

This is not a tutorial or article step by step to do so, just popping fun ideas fit again pups (read boker), hehe well not strange fit most dapet idea again when solemn itutuh. Jump aja deh written, rather than forgotten or are no friends elektronya more qualified science, so please dipraktekin own, well this point basbang banget dah.

Device

2 Fruit nimpuk Mobile Jadul for dogs (Nukie or Si'Emen).

1 Fruit Relay

1 Fruit SIM card for the Host, which is not no death aka not expired, so far the U.S. Sympathy.

1 Fruit SIM card for the caller.

The cables and some workshop tools and electronics such as solder or a screwdriver.

Plot Ideas

Relay in the jumpers between Busi and engine or vehicle device is revoked immediately die. Make Relay as a bridge between the two.

Relay connected to the Mobile, sacrifice Dinamo Vibrator (ce'ilee vibrator) on mobile phones to activate the relay.

Mobile Host attached to a vehicle. Flow of ideas concerned with the number 2. Do not be conspicuous, be in the seat.

Scenario

While the motor ignited in a position where (depending on the operator), motor / car can be instantly turned off by his host miscall numbers, because if the mobile host receives an automatic call vibrator dynamo who was directly linked to directly relay relay switch relay and immediately decided to plug the flow of engine, or spark plugs nyopotin rough language.

Miscall once again to start the vehicle (not to be confused tuh thieves).

When the motor running again and as he passed the police station, turn the motor back tuh me miscall Mobile Host, the new telephone deh and say the police officer who stops a motor at their post with number plates Blah blah blah is your motorcycle.

Well just an idea really, but there kalo cost and time allows so wanted nyoba, I hope none of you who want to nyoba-nyoba. Please try, sorry to reply just simply nonsense.

NB: Damage to the Mobile or any equipment / vehicle / yourself and others that are used as a test, outside the responsibility of the author.

I hope nobody who read the conspiracy Curanmor this blog .

pengendali jarak jauh dengan handphone

2010-02-15T17:03:00.000-08:00

it is possible to handle the connection via handphone Lock and close the door by using mobile phones as a remote control. Very effective and efficient if we try to apply in an office environment that has a central door as access in and out into the room. Enough that the central door 1 we use our automatic door modifications to install mobile phone and sim card and gave him an automatic has a mobile phone number as the remote control number. So we can open and close the door in Jakarta from Bandung, Yogyakarta and even abroad. Fun is not it? It's just a thought, because I aka key officers and artisans open the door closes.

Rangkaian amplier PH untuk elektroda PH

2010-02-15T16:36:00.000-08:00

If you really want to make a Ph sensor,is is a link where I found a way to make it: http://users.bigpond.net.au/eagle33/elect/ph-cct.htm

Actually if u read from the link above pH sensor is built with a combined pH electrode with differential amplifiers ...

can I know what's best for ph electrode? plz anyone can give me the model ph electrodes are available in the market today.

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Schema Application-Specific RF Power Transistors

2010-02-14T06:47:00.000-08:00

Advanced Semiconductor, Inc. manufactures a line of RF power transistors that replace those from Motorola, Philips, and SGS Thomson. ASI offers bipolar RF power transistors, enhancement mode FET RF power transistors, and LDMOS FET RF power transistors covering the 1.0 MHz to 4.2 GHz frequency spectrum with output power up to 600 Watts. RF power transistors are available in a variety of hermetic and non-hermetic packages including balanced configurations. Many of our designs for RF power transistors feature internal impedance matching networks for enhanced performance.

To find the desired ASI RF power transistor, click the appropriate application link below, or select a replacement transistor family by prefix from the Transistor Part Number Index on the left. For quick searches, enter a part number or part number prefix in the Part-Finder search box.

Application-Specific RF Power Transistors

12.5 Volt, Class AB Linear

28 Volt, Class AB Linear

50 Volt, Class AB Linear

Class AB Linear, Mosfet

VHF

12.5 Volt, Low Band

12.5 & 28 Volt, Mid Band

12.5 Volt, High-Band

28 Volt, High Band

175 MHz, Mosfet

UHF

FM Land Mobile

FM Base Station

Cellular Base Station

Military Communications

225 - 400 MHz, Mosfet

Pulsed Avionics

1025 - 1150 MHz, DME/TACAN Applications

1030 - 1090 MHz, IFF Applications

960 - 1215 MHz, JTIDS Applications

Pulsed Radar

400 - 500 MHz, UHF Radar

1200 - 1400 MHz, L-Band

CW Microwave

Common Base, Class C

Common Emitter, Class A Linear

Common Collector, Oscillators

Broadcast

108 MHz FM Broadcast

Television Band III

Television Band IV & V

Package Outline Drawings

Click here for drawings